DECIL COEFFICIENT- Spivvіdnoshennia, scho vіdobrazhaє differentiation of income; an increase in the average income of 10% of the highest income and the average income of 10% of the poorest citizens; the value of this coefficient in different countries changes no more than from 5 to 15.
The Lorenz curve is a graphic representation of the function of the subdivision. The won was propagandized by the American economist Max Otto Lorenz in 1905 as a sign of the unevenness in the incomes of the population. In such a manifestation, the function of the image has been subdivided, in which parts of the number and income of the population are cumulative. In a rectangular coordinate system, the Lorenz curve є is swollen to the bottom and passes under the diagonal of a single square, ruffled in the first coordinate quarter.
The skin dot on the Lorenz curve confirms the statement “The 20 largest populations account for less than 7% of income.” In times of equal distribution, the skin group of the population may have income, proportional to its number. Such a fall is described by a line of perfect equality, which is a straight line, which goes behind the cob of coordinates and the point (1; 1). In times of total unevenness (if only one member of the partnership has a loss), the curve (line of perfect inequality) sticks to the abscissa axis, and then from the point (1; 0) zlitaє to the point (1; 1). The Lorentz curve is laid between the curves of evenness and unevenness.
Curves of Lorenz zastosovuyut for rozpodіlіv as income, and th lane of home ownership, a frequent market for firms in galuzі, natural resources by country. It is possible to understand the Lorentz curve beyond the borders of economic science.
From the Lorenz curve it is possible to introduce some indicators of unevenness, for example, the Gina coefficient
Gin coefficient ( Gini index) is a statistical indicator, which indicates the degree of development of the prosperity of the country of the krai and the region as a hundredth of the last sign (for example, for the equal of river income - most of the zastosuvannya, especially for daily economic calculations).
Like the Lorenz curve, the Gini coefficient can be more pronounced in the manifestation of the nervousness of the accumulated wealth, prote at the time of the necessary mental staє non-negativity of pure household assets.
This statistical model was propagated and developed by the Italian statistician and demographer Corrado Gini (1884-1965) and published in 1912 in his famous practice “Variativnist i monlivist znaki” (“Variativnist i monlivist oznaki” (“Variousness and inconsistency”). In such a rank, the macroeconomic indicator that characterizes the differentiation of penny incomes of the population at the level of actual income distribution is absolutely equal.
Razrahuvat koefіtsієnt yak vіdnoshnja ploschі figuri, stavlenі ї Lorenz's curve and іnоstі іnіnostі, up to the area of trikutnik, іt'іkіvі poshchi і іnnostі і nerіvnostі. Otherwise, it seems like you should know the area of the first figure and add it to the area of the other. In times of equal equivalence, the coefficient of cost is 0; in times of general nervousness of the wines are more expensive 1. Some people talk about the Gini index as about the percentage of the coefficient.
or after the Gini formula:
de G- Gini coefficient, X k- cumulative part of the population (the population is ranked in front of the increase in income), Y k- Part of the income, yak in marriage otrimu X k, n- Number of households, y k- a share of the income of household income from a wealthy income, - the arithmetic average of the share of income of household income.
I rozpodіlu mizh residents of the country.
-
indicator of income differentiation, which reflects the difference between the average incomes of the 10% of the population with the highest incomes and the average incomes of the 10% of the poorest citizens
Marvel at the meaning Decile Coefficient in other dictionaries
Coefficient- M. math. number, on the yak multiply another value; multiplier, multiplier (if there are more than one).
Dahl's Dark Dictionary
Coefficient M.- 1. Numeric or literal multiplier in algebraic language. // Number, on a yak it is necessary to multiply yakus l. size, schob otrimati nebhіdnu for tsikh minds. 2.........
Tlumachny dictionary of Ephraim
Coefficient--a; m. [type lat. coefficiens (coefficientis) - spray]
1. Numeric (or literal) multiplier in algebra.
2. Rozmir, originally some. power of the physical........
Tlumachny dictionary of Kuznetsov
Banking Liquidity Coefficient- - Spivvіdnoshnja raznykh іznyh articles іn the asset іn the balance ї ї establish z vіdpovіdnimi stattі psivy, scho characterizає zdatnіst і bankіv zabezpechit svoєchasnіst ........
Legal glossary
Beta coefficient- - a sign that characterizes the impact of the ignoble situation on the market of valuable papers by the impact on the dynamics of the price of a valuable paper
Legal glossary
Currency coefficient- exchange rate savings in case of repayment of prices and penny sums from one currency to another; one of the forms of the exchange rate of national currencies, which is stagnant in some countries. Value B.........
Legal glossary
Vagovy Coefficient- - Numerical coefficient, a parameter that reflects the significance, evident importance, the "weight" of a given factor, an indication in equal measure with other factors, which are added to the process, which are being developed.
Legal glossary
Coefficient- - Spіvvіdnoshnja two values, scho mayut vіdnі vіnі іnі vimіru. characterize the visible change, whether it be one of the signs.
Legal glossary
Coefficient of Absenteeism- An increase in the number of days not working for a job until the total number of working days for a month, fate.
Legal glossary
Reimbursement coefficient (spend)- - Coefficient that characterizes the presence of the real opportunity to achieve success, or to spend one's payment prolonging the singing hour. ........
Legal glossary
Coefficient Vitorgu- Vіdnoshnja vіdnosnі vіzhnі mіzh vruchkoy і zmіnnimi vitratami vіruchki vіruchki.
Legal glossary
Delta coefficient- - Ratio of the price of the option to the price of the financial instrument for which the option was withdrawn.
Legal glossary
Gin coefficient- - Coefficient that characterizes the differentiation of penny incomes of the population in terms of the degree of change in the actual distribution of incomes in the form of an absolute equal ........
Legal glossary
Congestion coefficient- an indicator of the financial activity of the enterprise, equal to the transfer of penny goiters to the enterprise (borrowing, positional capital) to її power capital.
Legal glossary
Cook coefficient- Coefficient of payment efficiency of credit institutions and commercial banks, equal to the transfer of public capital to assets, which is related to the risk level.
Legal glossary
Liquidity ratio- - Coefficient, which characterizes the company's platosproposibility, the development of turnaround cats to short-line crops.
Legal glossary
Income Margin Coefficient- - Reduction of the marginal income of the business to the obligatory net sales for the same period.
Legal glossary
Cooking coefficient- - Offering a sum of preparations and similar assets to a sum of goiter.
Legal glossary
Safety coefficient- - Coefficient that characterizes the presence of wet werewolves in the enterprise, necessary for its financial stability. The coefficient is calculated as ........
Legal glossary
Call service coefficient- a show that characterizes the vitrati, as if the state was carrying a connection with the services of the ovnіshnyoї zagovannosti, incl. blocking of private enterprises and borg, ........
Legal glossary
Profitability coefficient- - raising the profit, taken by the company for the rest of the river, from the rent for one hundred shares, to the line price.
Legal glossary
Cooling coefficient- a part of the campaign against the goods by corporations, groups of enterprises in the kraїnі.
Legal glossary
Coefficient of Coverage of Dovgostrokovo ї Consignment- - Reimbursement of the debt-string bill to the joint assets or the share capital of the enterprise.
Legal glossary
Maliciousness Coefficient (k)- - An indication of the level of malice, which is characterized by the number of malices during the singing period on the sung territory of the rozrahunka per 100 yew. dude, what did they reach ........
Legal glossary
Maliciousness coefficient of non-incomplete (kp)- - div. Maliciousness of non-permanent coefficients.
Legal glossary
Inflow coefficient- - Reimbursement of the net income (surplus) of the business to the obligatory sale (payments for the sale) or the capital of the business.
Legal glossary
District coefficient- an indicator of a significant increase in wages with a method of compensation for additional wages and increased labor costs, which are related to the work and living.
Legal glossary
Reservation coefficient- Reimbursement of sums of reserve funds to oblige working capital.
Legal glossary
Profitability ratio- - Vіdnoshennia gross pributku vіd sale odinitsі goods to obіvartostі (vitrate virobnitsva і obіgu).
Legal glossary
Coefficient of rhythm- - Reduction of minimum releases of products to the average.
Legal glossary
p align="justify"> In the analysis of the effectiveness of state government, the nutrition of the population's life is important. Organi vlady krai zdiisnyuyut control over її korisnymi resources, instead of nadr and the gross product of people's activities. The state itself organizes the distribution of material goods among the inhabitants. Why are deaking lands, rich people
are you dissatisfied with your life? And other powers, which do not have such resources, do not know what the people are like. How to determine the criterion for the equalization of entry into the distribution of material wealth?
What is the decile coefficient?
For these purposes, sociology wins the number of low instruments. One of them is the decile coefficient of population. We are counted by way of statistical data about the income of 10% of the representatives of the richest population of the population and data about the income of such a large number of unimportant citizens. In science, it is important that the approximate value of the coefficient up to 10 creates the edge of the mind for social confusion. The people are more likely to hang their head overwhelmed with decorous power, and you can blame the confusion.
Decile coefficient in the countries of Europe
The lowest value of this coefficient can be Sweden, Denmark and Finland. In these countries, the indicator is no more than 3-4. In France and Nіmechchinі wines are on the line 5-7. Nessuttviy rozkid in these lands help to maintain a friendly social climate. In Russia, the decile coefficient shows uninterrupted growth since the 90s. The increase in the incomes of different versions of the population at once reached significant increases.
The most popular residents are taken 15-20 times more, the lower category. І tse stosuєtsya pratsyyuchoї part of the suspіlstva. Individuals do not go to the rozrahunka, they ate to the rank of impossible types of carelessness. Since then, man, as a propraciate all life in Russia, it is also impossible to risk losing it. The work of a simple slyusar, for example, has no value, equal to the profitability of the spokesperson for Gazprom. The decile coefficient shows that our country has formed the minds of an unimportant distribution of material wealth.
Negative aspects of the great value of the coefficient
The present large hostile economic officials start to change, let's change, the unsafe version of the population. Inflationary and crisis processes are subject to increased tariffs of housing and communal services, prices for public transport services, as well as the cost of goods in the first need. Prices on the same are kolivayutsya in a smaller range. In addition, people with low incomes do not have the so-called financial cushion. The stench cannot afford sufficient material rewards, so that it is easy to endure serious economic shocks. If a state has such a category of population to form a vast majority, then minds are created for social upheavals. The decile coefficient does not show.
First, go to the end of the phonetic analysis with butts, we respect your respect, that letters and sounds in words - don’t start one and the same.
Literi- all letters, graphic symbols, from which the text is transferred to the text and summarized by Rozmov. Letters are victorious for visual transmission of sensation, we accept it with our eyes. Letters can be read. If you read the letters aloud, then you make sounds - put together - words.
The list of used letters is just an alphabet
Maizhe kozhen schoolboy knows the letters of the Russian alphabet. That's right, a total of 33. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are put together at the singing sequence:
Russian language alphabet:
Zagal at the Russian alphabet wins:
- 21 letters for the recognition of voices;
- 10 letters - voiced;
- and dvі: ь (soft sign) and ъ (solid sign), yakі indicate authority, but they themselves do not signify whether they are sound loneliness.
You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently than you write them down on the sheet. In addition, the word can win more letters, lower sounds. For example, "childish" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. And on the other hand, the number of sounds in the word "black" is larger, so the letter "Yu" in this case is like [yu].
What is phonetic analysis?
Movlennya mi priymaєmo by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word, the characteristic of the sound warehouse is affected. In school programs, such an analysis is often called the “sound of letters” analysis. Later, with a phonetic analysis, you simply describe the power of sounds, their characteristics are stale in the sharpened warehouse structure of the phrase, united by a wild verbal voice.
Phonetic transcription
For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square arms should be used. For example, the correct spelling is:
- black -> [h"orniy"]
- apple -> [apple]
- yakir -> [yakar"]
- yalinka -> [yolka]
- sun -> [sun]
The scheme of phonetic analysis has special symbols. Zavdyaki tsyomu can correctly recognize and revitalize the letters of the record (spelling) and the sound designation of letters (phonemes).
- phonetically razbiraetsya word polygaє square arches -;
- soft voice is indicated by the transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
- stressed ['] - in a voice;
- in folding word forms from a number of roots, the sign of another row in voice [`] is zastosovuetsya - gravis (not practiced in school programs);
- the letters of the alphabet Y, Y, E, Y, L and Y are NOT spelled out in transcription (in the main program);
- for subvoices, it will stagnate [:] - a sign that the sound has been voiced for a long time.
Below are the reporting rules for orthoepical, literal and phonetic and parsing words from butts online, depending on the high-school norms of modern Russian language. In professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic signs of voice and voice phonemes.
How to perform a phonetic analysis of a word?
Conduct a letter analysis to help you come up with a scheme:
- Write down the word and pronounce the yogo kіlka once in a voice.
- Strike the skils in the new voiced and voiced letters.
- Designate a strike warehouse. (A voice for additional intensity (energy) sees a phoneme in the language from low homogeneous sound units.)
- Razdіlіt phonetically word for warehouses and show їkhnyu zagalnu kіlkіst. Remember that the warehouse is distributed according to the transfer rules. The total number of warehouses is constantly changing from the number of voice letters.
- At transcription, disassemble the word for the sounds.
- Write letters from the phrase in the column.
- On the contrary, the dermal letters of the square arms should show a її sound designation (like they smell it). Remember that sounds in words do not lead to the same letters. Letters "b" and "b" do not become common sounds. The letters "e", "e", "u", "ya", "i" can mean two sounds.
- Analyze the skin phoneme okremo and designate її authority through whom:
- for a voice, it is indicated in the characteristic: the sound is voice; stressed chi non-naked;
- in the characteristics of the voices, it is indicated: the sound of the voices; hard or soft, dzvinky or deaf, sonorny, paired / unpaired for hardness-m'yakistyu and dzvinkistyu-deafness.
- For example, the phonetic analysis of the word should be between and consider the total number of letters and sounds.
This scheme is practiced by the school program.
An example of a phonetic analysis of a word
The axis of the star of the phonetic parsing behind the warehouse for the word "appearance" → [yіvl'e′n'іye]. This one has 4 voice letters and 3 voice letters. There are a total of 4 movies: I-v'є-nі-e. The voice falls on another.
Sound characteristics of letters:
i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired dzvinky, sonorny [i] - vowel, non-voicing in [c] - acc. 'yak. . sound, sonorniye [e ′] - vowel, stressed [n ′] - consonant, fellow m'yak., unpaired. sound, sonorny і [i] - vowel, unvoiced [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired. sound, sonorny [e] - vowel, non-voicing ____________________________ The presence of the word has a presence - 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last letter "E" mean two sounds each.
Now you know how to develop sound-letter analysis independently. Dali given the classification of sound units of Russian language, their interrelationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.
Phonetics and sounds in Russian language
What sounds are there?
All sounds of the same are subdued by voices and voices. Voice sounds, in their own circle, are percussive and unvoiced. The golden sound in Russian words is booming: we repeat - soft, dvinky - deaf, hissing, sonorous.
Skіlki have Russian live movі zvіvіv?
The correct answer is 42.
Roblox phonetic analysis online, you will find out what 36 voiced sounds and 6 voiced ones take part in the word creation. The rich blame it on a reasonable diet, why is it such a wondrous inconvenience? Why should the number of sounds and letters be different, like voiced ones, so zgіdnimi?
Everything was easy to understand. A number of letters for the participation of the word-creation can designate a second sound. For example, bet on softness-hardness:
- [b] - badorium and [b '] - squirrel;
- abo [d] - [d ']: home - work.
And deyaki do not bet, for example [h '] forever be soft. If you hesitate, try to say it firmly and change your mind in the impossibility of it: a glass, a pack, a spoon, black, chegevar, lad, rabbit, wild cherry, bjoli. Because of such a practical solution, our alphabet does not reach unlimited scales, but the sound-ones are optimally supplemented, angry one by one.
Vocal sounds in the words of Russian language
voice sounds on the vіdmіnu vіd vіd vysokolіh meloііnі, stink vіlno nіbі vіvpіv vіplivayut from the larynx, without pereskod i naruzki zv'yazok. The more you voice the voice, the more you happen to open the company. First of all, the more you voice your voice, the more you sing your voice, the more energetically you will make your mouth empty. Tse naiyaskravisha articulation difference between these phoneme classes.
The voice in any word forms can only fall on a voiced sound, but it can also be used in unvoiced voices.
How many voiced sounds do Russian phonetics have?
Russian language has fewer voice phonemes, lower letters. There are six percussion sounds: [a], [i], [pro], [e], [y], [i]. And the letters, guessing, are ten: a, e, e, i, o, y, s, e, i, u. Vocal letters E, Yo, Yu, I do not have “clean” sounds and in transcription do not vikoristovuyutsya. Often, with a literal parsing of words on qi letters, the voice falls out loud.
Phonetics: characteristics of percussion voices
The main phonemic feature of Russian language is the clear voice of voice phonemes in stressed warehouses. The shock warehouses in Russian phonetics are perturbed by the power of sight, the greater trivality of sounding is uncreated. Shards of stench are strikingly and distinctly, the sound analysis of warehouses from stressed voice phonemes is much simpler. The position, in which the sound does not know the change and save the main look, is called strong position. Such a position can be occupied by an extra percussive sound and warehouse. Unvoiced phonemes and warehouses change in a weak position.
- The voice in the shock warehouse should always be in a strong position, so it will move more virulently, with the greatest strength that trivality.
- The voice at the unnaked stand is changed at a weak position, so it moves with less strength and the flooring is different.
In Russian language, the inevitable phonetic power is taken by only one phoneme “U”: corn, plank, I study, at fishing, - in all positions, they appear differently like [y]. Tse means that the voice "U" does not follow the yak_snіy reduction. Respect: on the sheet, the phoneme [y] can be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m'u 'sl'i], key [kl'u 'h'] thin.
Analysis of the sounds of percussion voices
The voice phoneme [o] is less pronounced in a strong position (in a voice). In such types of “O” reduction is not possible: cat [ko't'ik], twinkle [kalako' l'ch'ik], milk [malako'], vіsіm [in' z'im'], poshukova [paisko' vaya], govir [go'var], autumn [o's'in'].
Blame from the rule of a strong position for "O", if not naked [o] they are evocatively, they represent less deyakі inshomovnі words: cocoa [kaka" o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra "dio], boa [bo a "] that row of service units, for example, the union is ale. The sound [o] in writing can be represented by another letter “e” - [o]: thorn [t'o'rn], bagattya [kas't'o'r]. Vikonati sorted out according to the sounds of chotirokh voices, which were left out, in a position under a voice, it is not possible to reveal folds by itself.
Unvoiced voice letters and sounds in the words of Russian language
It is possible to develop the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the voice only after staging the voice in words. Do not forget about the meaning in our language homonyms: for "mok - castle" and about the change of phonetic nouns fallow in the context (word, number):
- I'm at home [ya to "ma].
- New budinki [ale "vye da ma"].
At naked camp voicing is modified, tobto, movable otherwise, lower recorded:
- burn - mountain = [go "ri] - [ga ra"];
- vin - online = [about "n] - [a nla" yn]
- certificates vest = [svіd'e "t'і l'n'іtsa].
Similar changes of voices in non-voiced warehouses are called reduction. Kіlkіsnoy, if the trivality of the sound changes. І yakіsnoy reduction, if the characteristic of the cob sound changes.
One and the same unvoiced voice letter can change the phonetic characteristic in fallow in position:
- nasampered shodo shock warehouse;
- on the absolute cob or on the cob of the word;
- in non-critical warehouses (they are stored in less than one voice);
- one infusion of sus_dnіh signs (b, b) and voice.
Yes, voila First step of reduction. Їy pіddayutsya:
- voices at the first forward warehouse;
- uncritical warehouse on the cob itself;
- repeating voices.
Note: In order to develop a sound-letter analysis, the first transverse warehouse is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but according to the transition to the stressed warehouse: the first sound is from the new. The wines of the principle can be the only one in the front: non-tutoring [n'iz'd'e'shn'iy].
(non-critical warehouse) + (2-3 forward warehouse) + 1st forward warehouse ← Shock warehouse → shock warehouse (+2/3 shock warehouse)
- vpe-re -dі [fp'ir'i d'i'];
- e -st-stvo-but [yі s't'e's't'v'in: a];
Be-yakі іnshі forward folds and all behind-the-shock folds when sound picking up to the reduction of the 2nd stage. It is also called “the weak position of the other level”.
- kiss [pa-ci-la-va't'];
- modeling [ma-di-l'i'-ra-vat'];
- lastivka [la'-hundred-ch'ka];
- gas [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-viy].
The reduction of voices in a weak position is so self-differentiated behind the steps: friend, third (after hard and soft years, - Tse behind the boundaries of the initial program): read [uch'i'ts: a], zatsіpenіti [acip'іn'e 't '], nadiya [nad'e´zhda]. In the letter analysis of the voice, the reduction of the voice in a weak position in the final pronounced warehouse (= in the absolute term of the word) is insignificantly manifested:
- cup;
- goddess;
- with songs;
- change.
The sound of literal parsing: iotovanny sounds
Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], E - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds. Did you remember that “Y” appears in all the significant accents with an additional phoneme? To this very fact, these voices are called iotvanim. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their position.
With a phonetic analysis of the voice, e, u, I make 2 sounds:
◊ E - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in vipadkah, if they change:
- On the cob of the word "E" that "Yu" zavzhd:
- - roll [yo' zhits: a], yalinkovy [yo' lach'ny], zhachok [yo' zhik], mnist [yo' mkast'];
- - jeweler [yuv 'il'i'r], yula [yu la'], back [yu' pka], Jupiter [yu p'i't'ir], briskness [yu 'rkas't'];
- on the cob of the word "E" and "I" only in a voice *:
- - yalina [ye'l '], zhzhdzhu [ye' f: y], yeger [ye' g'ir '], єvnukh [ye' vnukh];
- - yacht [ya' hta], yakir [ya' kar'], yakі [ya' ki], apple [ya' black];
- (*so to viconatize the sound-literary analysis of unvoiced voiced "E" and "I" vikoristovuetsya іnsha phonetic transcription, div. below);
- at the camp, immediately after the voice “E” and “Yu” are sure. And the axis “E” and “I” in stressed and non-shocked warehouses, krіm vipadkіv, if the designated letters are put behind the voice in the 1st forward warehouse or in the 1st, 2nd shock warehouse in the middle of the words. Phonetic analysis online and apply from the indicated words:
- - receiver [pr'іyo'm'іk], spіvaє [payo't], kluє (k'uyo 't);
- -ayu rveda [ayu r'v'e'da], sleep t [payu 't], sink [ta'yu t], cabin [kayu 'ta],
- after a separate solid "Ъ" sign "E" and "Yu" - forever, and "E" and "I" only in a voice or in the absolute term of the word: - about'єm [ab yo'm], zyomka [zyomka], adjutant [adyu "ta'nt]
- after the split soft “b” sign “E” and “Yu” - zavzhdi, and “E” and “I” under the voice or in the absolute end of the word: - interv'yu [іntirv'yu], tree [d'ir 'e” v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [brother't'ya], mavpa [ab'іz'ya´ na], zaviryuha [v'yu´ ha], sim'ya [s 'em'ya´ ]
Like a bachite, the phonemic system of the Russian voice can have a virish significance. The greatest reductions are voiced in non-naked warehouses. Let's follow the sound of the letters of the analysis of the iotovannyh that are left out, and marvel how the stench can still change the characteristics in the fallowness and the sharpness in words.
◊ Unvoiced voices"E" and "I" denote two sounds i in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:
- at the very beginning of the word:
- - єdnannya [yі d'іn'e'n'і'ye], yalinovy [yіlo'viy], ozhina [yіzhiv'i'ka], yogo [yіvo '], yogaza [yіgaza'], Yenisey [yіn'іs] 'e'y], Egypt [yig'i'p'it];
- - sychnevy [yі nva'rsky], core [yіdro'], virazka [yіz'v'і't'], yarlik [yіrli'k], Japan [yіpo'n'іya], lamb [yіgn'o 'nak];
- (Vinyatki become less rіdkіsnі іnshomovnі word forms and names: єvropeoїdna [ye vrap'io'idnaya], єvgen [ye] vґenіy, evropeєts [ye wrap'e'yіts], єparhіya [ye] parhіya and tp).
- in the 1st forward warehouse or in the 1st, 2nd shock warehouse, krіm roztashuvannya in the absolute end of the word.
- at the same time [fly time'e'm'ina], later [pay zda '], after [pay d'i'm], naїzhdzhati [nayi zh: a't'], belgієts [b'il'g'i' yi c], learning [uch'a'sch'iiyi s'a], propositions [supporting m'i], sujeta [suyi ta'],
- hawkati [la´yі t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], zaєts [za´yi ts], belt [po´yі s], declare [zayі v'і´t '], I will show [praiї in 'l'u']
- after a separate hard "b" or a soft "b" sign: - p'yanit [p'yі n'i't], reveal [іzyi v'i't'], voicing [abyi vl'e'n' iye], stіvniy [sii dobny].
Note: For the St. Petersburg phonological school, the "ekannya" is characteristic, and for the Moscow "іkannya". Earlier yotrovaniya "Yo" vymovlyali s more accentuated "ye". In the midst of the changing capital, vikonuyuchi sound-literary parsing, dorimuyutsya Moscow norms in orthoepy.
Deyakі people in swidkіy promіvіvlyayut voicing "I" however, in warehouses from a strong and weak position. Such Vimova is respected by the dialect and not by the literary one. Remember, the voiced "I" under the voice and without the voice is voiced in a different way: fairs [ya 'marka], ale egg [yi yo'].
Important:
The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is more relevant for warehouses, both in strong and in weak positions). Let's conduct a sound-letter online parsing: - nightingales'ї [salav'yі'], on smoking legs [on ku'r'yі'h" but'shkah], rabbits [cro'l'ich'yі], no sіm'ї [sіm 'yі'], suddі [su'd'yі], nothing [n'ich'yі'], strings [hand'yi'], foxes [lі's'yi] Ale: Voice "O" after m 'of a sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of m'yakosti ['] of the front voiced i [O], although when the phonemes are voiced, one can feel the iotation: broth [bul'o'n], pavillo n [pav'il'o'n] , similarly: leaf-bearing n, champignon, chignon, companion, medallion, battalion, guillotine, pocket, minion and others.
Phonetic analysis of words, if the voices "Yu" "E" "E" "I" make 1 sound
According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, with the sing position in the words of the recognition of letters, give one sound, if:
- sound units "E" "Yu" "E" are pronounced under the voice of an unpaired voice for hardness: w, w, c. Todi voni designate phonemes:
- e - [o],
- her],
- yu - [y].
- The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "E" and "I" mean the softness of the front voice [']. Vignatok is less for: [g], [w], [c]. In such vapadas at the shock position stink to satisfy one voiced sound:
- e - [o]: voucher [put'o'fka], light [l'o' xk'ii], opening [ap'o'nak], actor [act'o'r], child [r'ib' about nak];
- e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e'n'], mirror [z'e'rkala], sensible [rozum'e'ye], conveyor [canv'e'yir];
- i - [a]: koshenyata [kat'a' ta], m'yako [m'a' hka], oath [kl'a' tva], uzyav [vz'a' l], mattress [t'u f 'a 'do], swan [lib'yazh];
- yu - [y]: dziob [kl'u'f], people [l'u'd'am], gateway [shl'u's], tulle [t'u'l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
- Note: in later words, the stressed voice “E” does not always signal about the softness of the front voice. This positional assistance has ceased to be a common language norm in Russian phonetics in the 20th century. In such situations, if you work on a phonetic analysis in a warehouse, such a voice sound is transcribed as [e] without the front apostrophe m'yakosti: hotel [ate'l'], strap [br'ite'l'ka], test [te' st], tenis [te´n: іs], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´l'ta], tender [ten´nder], masterpiece [ shede´ vr], tablet [tablet't].
- Respect! Song of soft voices at the front warehouses voices "E" and "I" are given a similar reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (vikl. for [c], [g], [w]). Apply a phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'ї rno'], earth [z'ї ml'a'], fun [v'ї s'o'ly], call [z'v 'i n 'i't], forest [l'i sno'y], blizzard [m'i t'e'l'itsya], feather [n'i ro'], brought [pr'in'i sla´], v'ya zati [v'i za´t '], la gat [l'i ga´t'], p'yatirka [n'i t'o´rka]
Phonetic analysis: voicing sounds of Russian language
Zgіdnih in Russian language is absolute greatness. At the sound of the voice, the potik repeats the sound of the sound. The organs of articulation are established: teeth, tongue, twang, cleavage of vocal cords, ruin. For the rahunok of which there is a noise in the voice, a hiss, a whistle of a sound.
How many voiced sounds in Russian language?
In the alphabet for їх designations are victorious 21 letters. However, using sound-letter analysis, you can see what is in Russian phonetics vociferous sounds more, and itself - 36.
Sound-letter analysis: what are the appropriate sounds?
Our language has a voice:
- firm - soft
and approve all bets:
- [b] - [b ']: b anan - yalinka,
- [in] - [in ']: height - in young,
- [g] - [g ']: place - Mr. Duke,
- [d] - [d ']: cottage - d elfin,
- [h] - [h ']: z won - z ether,
- [k] - [k ']: to onfetu - to enguroo,
- [l] - [l ']: boat - l ux,
- [m] - [m ']: magic - mrії,
- [n] - [n ']: new - nector,
- [n] - [n ']: n alma-p esik,
- [p] - [p ']: p chamomile - p poison,
- [s] - [s ']: s uvenir - s surprise,
- [t] - [t ']: t uchka - t tulip,
- [f] - [f ']: flag lag - lute,
- [x] - [x ']: x orek - x shukach.
- Pevni prigolosnі do not bet for firmness-m'yakistyu. To the unpaired one can see:
- sounds [w], [c], [w] - forever solid (life, c ikl, misha);
- [h '], [u'] and [y '] - start the m'yaki (daughter, more often, yours).
- The sounds [w], [h '], [w], [w'] are called hissing in our language.
Zgіdny can be dzvіnky-deaf, and also sonorim and halaslivim.
It is possible to distinguish the soundness-deafness, or the sonority of the vociferous one, according to the noise-voice. These characteristics vary depending on the method of illuminating the part of the organs of articulation.
- Sonorni (l, m, n, r, d) are the most common phonemes, in which you can feel the maximum voice and three noises: lion, rai, zero.
- As if when we speak the words, the sound parsing is settled down and the voice, and the noise - means in front of you a twinkly voice (g, b, s and etc.): plant, b people o, f iz n.
- When deaf voiced voices (n, s, t and others) are voiced, the calls do not strain, only noise is seen: st opka, fishk a, costume, circus, sew.
Note: In the phonetics of the voiced sound units, it also depends on the nature of illumination: the bow (b, p, d, t) - slit (w, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labial-teeth (f, c), anterior (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, year, n, l, r), middle (d), posterior (k, d, x) . Name the names of the speakers from the organs of articulation, as if they take part in the sound-making.
Hint: If you start practicing phonetic word parsing, try to squeeze the phoneme to the top and bottom. If you feel a voice far away, it means that a sound is heard - a ringing voice, if you hear a noise, then it is deaf.
Hint: For an associative link, remember the phrases: "Oh, we didn't forget a friend." - in this proposition, absolutely the whole set of twinkling voices is missing (without balancing the softness-hardness pairs). “Stepko, would you like to have a bite? - Fi! - in a similar way, the replicas are assigned to collect all the deaf voices.
Positional change of voice sounds in Russian language
The sound of the sound changes just like the voice of the voice. One and the same letter phonetically can mean a different sound, fallow in position. Pototsі movi seems to have a similar sound of one voiced under the articulation of a ruffled band of voices. The Danish infusion is easier on Wimow and is called assimilation phonetics.
Positional stun/ringing
Singing position for voiceless voices has a phonetic law of assimilation from deafness-dzvіnkost. Dzvіnky guy prigolosny changes to deaf:
- in the absolute term of a phonetic word: ale w [no'sh], snig [s'n'e'k], city [agaro't], club [klu'p];
- in front of the deaf, listen: forget-me-not [n'іzabu't ka], obhopiti [apkh wat'i't'], Tuesday [ft o'rnіk], tube [corpse].
- roblechs of the sound of letters rozbіr online, you remember that the deaf guy has a voice, that he should stand in front of the ring (crim [th '], [v] - [v '], [l] - [l '], [m] - [m ' ] , [n] - [n '], [p] - [p ']) also calls, then it changes to its own pair: building [zda'ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba'], threshing [malad 'ba'], prohannya [pro'z'ba], vіdgadati [adgada't '].
In Russian phonetics, a deaf, bellowing voice does not merge with an advancing booming sound, a cream of sounds [in] - [in ']: with beaten tops. In times, however, transcription as a phoneme [h], i [s] is acceptable.
When analyzing the sounds of words: at once, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].
According to the rules of sound-literal analysis in the endings of the “-th”, “-yogo” prikmetnikiv, diprikmetnikov and borrowers, the “G” voices are transcribed like a sound [v]: red [kra'snava], blue [s'i'n'iva], white [b'e'lava], sharp, povnogo, colossal, the one whom. As if after assimilation, two voices of the same type are established, and their anger rises. In the school program, for phonetics, this process is called the vowel sound: vіdokremiti [ad: 'іl'i't'] → letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], stupidity [b'ish: y ´ opinion]. When sorting out for a warehouse, a number of words in the sound-letter analysis posterize disimilation - the process of reversal. In this way, there is a change in the sign of the head of the two, who should be instructed: today “GK” sounds yak [hk] (replacement of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′h'k'іy], m'yakiy [m' a′h' kіy].
Good luck in Russian language
The scheme of phonetic analysis has an apostrophe ['] for denoting the softness of the voiced ones.
- Pom'yakshennya lads firm vociferous sounds before "b";
- the softness of the voice-like sound in the warehouse on the sheet is additionally marked by the voice letter following it (e, e, i, u, i);
- [u '], [h '] that [th] for the mind only soft;
- for sure, the sound [n] is silent before the soft voices “Z”, “C”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z'iya], review [r'itseen'z'iya] , pension [pen 's' ya], ve [n'z '] yalina, face [n'z'] ia, ka [n'd'] idat, ba [n'd'] it, i [n' d'] іvid, blo[n'd'] іn, style[n'd'] іа, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n't '] il, a[n't '] individual, co[n't '] text, remo [n't '] yuvati;
- letters "N", "K", "R" during phonetic parsing behind the warehouse can help to "shrink" before soft sounds [h '], [u']: cup [stack'n'ch'ik], changer [cm 'e 'n'shch'ik], donut [po'n'ch'ik], stone man [kam'e′n'shch'ik], boulevard [bul'va'r'shch'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
- often the sounds [h], [s], [p], [n] in front of the m'yakim we hear assimilations for hardness-m'yakistyu: wall [s't'e′nka], life [life'n'], here [z'd'es'];
- sob correctly vikonat sound-literary parsing, secure the words of the inclusion, if the appropriate [p] before soft teeth and lips, and also before [h '], [u'] move firmly: artil, godovati, cornet, samovar;
Note: the letter "b" after a voiceless unpaired for hardness / m'yakistyu in some word forms vikon only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic navantage: read, nіch, misha, zhito thin. For such words, in the case of letter analysis, the square arches, on the contrary, put the [-] dash in front of the letter “b”.
The positional change of the boys' twinkies-deaf in front of the years, what to hiss, and their transcription in the sound-letter parsing
In order to determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to protect their positional changes. Parnі dzvinki-deaf: [d-t] or [s-s] in front of hissing (w, w, w, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing voice.
- Letter analysis and apply words with hissing sounds: come [pr'iyezhzh y], ascension [your e'stv'іye], zzh elta [i'zh elta], sting [zhzh a'l'its: a].
The phenomenon, if two different letters appear as one, is called a new assimilation for all signs. Using the sound-letter parsing of the word, one of the sounds that are repeated should be designated in transcription with the symbol of longevity [:].
- Letters received with hissing “szh” - “zzh”, they seem like a subdued firm voice [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezing, sewing, without a tire, what’s in.
- Poednannya "zzh", "zhzh" in the middle of the root during sound-letter parsing is recorded in transcription as a long voice [zh:]: zhzhdzhu, screech, pіznіshe, vіzhki, drіzhdzhi, scorch.
- The following "sch", "sch" on the stick of the root and the suffix / prefix are moved like a long-term soft [sch':]: rahunok [sch': o´t], rewriter, zamovnik.
- On the receiver’s stick with the attacking word on the space “sch”, “sch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without a number [b'esch' h' іsla'], schimos [sch'ch' e′mta].
- With a sound-letter parsing, the use of “tch”, “dch” on the stick of morphemes is assigned as a subvariant soft [h':]: liotchik [l'o'ch': hic], young ik [little'h': hic] , sound [ah': o't].
Cheat sheet with a similarity of voiced sounds for the moon of enlightenment
- sch → [u':] : happiness [u': a´s't'ye], pishchanik [p'ishch': a´n'ik], peddler [rіzno´sh': ik], block of blocks, rosrahunki, vicerpati, clear;
- zch → [w':]: rіzbyar [r'e´shch': hic], vantager [gru´shch': hic], warning [raska´shch': hic];
- living → [u':] : changer [pіr'іbe' u': hic], person [mush': i'na];
- schch [u':]: lastovity [v'іsnu′sh': itiy];
- stch → [w':] : zhorstkіshe [zho'sh': e], hlyostche, rigger;
- zdh → [u':]: ob'їznik [abye´shch': ik], boron parts [baro´shch': ity];
- ss → [w':] : splitting [splash': ip'i't'], being generous [splash': e'dr'ils'a];
- tsh → [h'sh'] : vіdshpiti [аch'sh' ip'і′t'], vіdshtovhuvati [ach'sh' o'lk'іvat'], marno [h'sh' etna], retelno [h' sh'at'el'na];
- tch → [h':] : sound [ah': o't], vіtchizna [ah': i'zna], in part [r'is'n'i'h': i'ty];
- dh → [h':] : pіdkreslyuvati [pаch': o'rk'іvat'], padcherka [pаch': іr'іtsa];
- szh → [zh:] : squeeze [zh: a 't'];
- zzh → [zh:] : live [іzh: y´t '], fell apart [rizh: ik], їhati [uyizh: a´t '];
- ssh → [sh:]: bring [pr'іn'o′sh: ij], expansion [rush: y´tiy];
- zsh → [w:] : lower [n'ish: y′y]
- th → [pcs], in word forms s “sho” ta yogo pokhіdnimi, roblyachi sound of lettering analysis, write [pcs]: shob [sht o′bi], dumb for sho [n'e′ zasht a], sho-nebud [ sht o n'ibut'], deshcho;
- thu → [ch't] in other types of letter parsing: mriynik [m'ich't a't'il'], mail [by'h't a], perevaga [pr'itpach't 'e'n' iye] and etc;
- h → [shn] in vinnyatkah words: zvichayno [kan'e'shn a ′], tedious [sku'shn a ′], bakery, laundry room, egg, dribnichna, shpakivnya, girl's evening, girchichnik, ganchirkovy, and so itself in women in the father’s way, which ends with “-ichna”: Illivna, Mikitichna, Kuzmivna thinly;
- chn → [h'n] - literal analysis for all other options: kazkovy [sk'zach'ny], country [yes'h'ny], sunichny [z'im'l'in'i'h'n] , prokinutsya, gloomy, sleepy that іn;
- !zhd → at home of the literal word “zhd” it is possible to have a double vim and transcription [u’] chi [pcs’] in the word wood and in the adopted word forms: wood, wood.
Nevimovnі vykolosnі sounds in the words of the Russian language
Under the hour of learning a whole phonetic word with a lansy language, with an impersonal different voiced letters, you can use the same sound. As a result of this, in the spellings of the words, there are letters that add sound meaning, so the name of an invisible voice. In order to correctly vikonatize the phonetic analysis online, the non-violent voice does not appear in transcription. The number of sounds in similar phonetic words will be smaller, lower letters.
In Russian phonetics, up to invisible voices, put:
- "T" - at the bottom:
- stn → [sn]: mіstseviy [m'e'sniy], outline [tras'n 'i'k]. By analogy, you can use the phonetic analysis of words to descend, chesny, vіdomy, radisny, sumny, participant, visnik, rainy, fierce and others;
- stl → [sl]: happy [w':asl 'i'viy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (excluded words: bistlyaviy and postlat, the letter "T" is in them);
- ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'іga'nsky], agent, presidential;
- sts → [s:] : shіst vіd [shes: o´t], v'stis I [vzye's: a], swear I [kl'a's: a];
- sts → [с:] : touristic [tour'ї's: k'іy], maximalist [max'іmalі's: k'іy], racist [ras'ї's: k'іy] , bestseller, propaganda, Expressionist, Hindu, Kar'ist;
- ntg → [ng] : roentgen en [r'eng 'e'n];
- "-єtsya", "-tisya" → [ts:] in the dієslіvіnіchnyah: chuckle [usmiha'ts: a], mitis [mi'ts: a], look, come in handy, deviate, golitsya, fit;
- ts → [ts] in prikmetnikіv u dnanny on the stick of the root and suffix: childish [d'e'ts k'іy], fraternal [brotherly];
- ts → [ts:] / [tss]: sports men [sparts: m'e'n], v_dsilati [acs ilat]];
- ts → [ts:] on the stick of morphemes during phonetic parsing online it is recorded as a long “tss”: brother a [bra'ts: a], father epit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [k ac: y'];
- "D" - when analyzing the sounds of the upcoming letters:
- zdn → [zn]: pіznіy [po'z'n'y], dawning [z'v'oz'ny], holy [pra′z'n 'ik], free [b'іzvazm' e′zn y] ;
- ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu'k], landsh aft [lansh aft];
- ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala'nsk 'y], Thai [taїla'nsk 'y], Norman [narma'nsk 'y];
- zdts → [sts]: pіd uzdzi [fall usci '];
- ndc → [nc] : dutch [galantsi];
- rds → [rc]: heart [s'e'rts e], core [s'irts iv'i'na];
- rdch → [rch "]: heart іshko [s'erch 'i'shka];
- dts → [ts:] on the stick of morphemes, rіdshe in korіnі, they are changed and when sound parsing words are recorded as subvariant [ts]: sub epiti [pats: yp'i't'], twenty t [two'ts: it'];
- ds → [ts]: factory [zavatskaya], kinship [rational], means [sr'e'ts tv], Kislovods to [k'іslavo'ts k];
- "L" - at the bottom:
- lnts → [nts]: sun [sun], solstice;
- "B" - at the bottom:
- vst → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [healthy uyt'e], pochuttіv about [h'u'stva], sensitivity [h'u's 'inas't'], wasteland about [pampering about '] , non-borrowing [d'e'st'іn: y].
Note: In certain words of Russian language, with accumulated voiced sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, phonemes [t] are not allowed: trip [paestka], bride, drukarka, povistka, laboratory assistant, student, patient , bulky, Irish, Scottish
- Two identical letters are transcribed as a single sound and a symbol of longevity [:]: class, bath, masa, group, program.
- The subvoices of voices in transverse syllables are indicated in transcription and act like one sound: tunnel [tanel], terrace, apparatus.
If you can’t use the phonetic analysis of a word online for assigned rules, otherwise you have an ambiguous analysis of a pre-sliding word, hurry up for help with a do-it-yourself dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by idioms: “Russian literary vimova and voice. Slovnik - dovidnik. M. 1959
Wikoristan literature:
- Litnevska O.I. Ukrainian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - MDU, M.: 2000
- Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. - Education, M.: 1967
- Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling from comments.
- Head helper. - "Institute for the Advancement of Qualifications of Practitioners in Education", Tambov: 2012
- Rozental D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Dovіdnik s spelling, language, literary editing. Russian literature vimov.- M.: CheRo, 1999
Now you know how to develop a word for sounds, develop a sound-letter analysis of the skin warehouse and determine their quantity. Describe the rules explain the laws of phonetics in the school program format. The stench will help you phonetically characterize the letter.
The state is right for us for the people. Therefore, the main tasks of management can be the improvement of nutrition, the improvement of the life of the population and the well-being of the skin and the skin of the people. And for the first time, we should analyze the distribution of material wealth between different social versions. One of the indications, which allow them to grow, is the decile coefficient of income differentiation. On the same basis, the structure of the well-being of the population is most often laid down.
Graph of social unrest
The difference in the incomes of different levels of the population of the economy is calculated for the help of low indicators. Among them, the main ones are the Jin index and the decile coefficient of differentiation. Graphically social unsteadiness appears behind the help of the Lorenz curve. The level of unevenness characterizes the cut of the laman line in the bisectrix. As soon as you get equal, then the Lorenz curve will run around with it. This situation means that 10% of the population may have a similar income from the combined national material resources. As if alone, having taken all the income, then the Lorenz curve will be lowered on the abscissa axis, and then we will rise vertically. For the obsessed schedule, you can open the Gini index.
Decile coefficient of income differentiation
Rozpodil material resources among representatives of different social classes in the country without prompting graphics in sociology win with help low tools. The decile coefficient is one of them. Vіn є spіvvіdshennyam avіdnіhnіh 10 % of the richest inhabitants of the state to the same number of the richest. The smaller the result, the more stable the situation in the hospital. It is important that the value of the coefficient greater than 10 means the hypothetical possibility of causing civil disturbances and the cob of a sovereign coup. Why is it due to this, that there is a difference in assets, that there are different “castes”, the floors are large, that I will immediately fall into the eye of injustice and arrange suspility.
Rozrahunok decile coefficient
The analysis of social stratification starts from the bottom of the population for the groups. If you can work for the help of statistical programs, then I will do it manually. For whom it is necessary to collect information about the income of the population, and then we will sort it out in order of change. Guilty to visit ten groups. Up to the first one, the richest residents are counted, up to the tenth - the low-income community. The decile coefficient is more than the difference between the average income in the rest of the group and the income of the most secure. To make it easier to remember, you can add up a mathematical formula, naming everything with letters. Let d 1 and d 10 - the income of 10% of the richest and least inhabitants, and K d - decile coefficient. For this time, the formula looks like this: K d \u003d K 10 / K 1.
Practical value of the indicator
The decile coefficient of income differentiation shows the difference between the incomes of the richest and least secure populations. You can tell about the concentration of income less in your hands. If the value of this coefficient is more than ten, it means that the largest group takes 10 times more income, the lower is similar to the size of the bank. Thus, the decile coefficient shows the difference between different versions of the population and is a tool for economic analysis. On the basis of such pranks, it is possible to form a competent state administration.
Significance of the indicator in the lands of the world
Let's take a look at the world for signs of nervousness in them, incomes between rich and poor on the basis of data from the UN and the CIA. Europe has the least significance in Denmark, Sweden and Finland. In these lands, the wealthy and the poor are rich 3 times. In such countries, like Nіmechchina and France, whose ostentation is the highest among the middle class. At the same time, in these countries, programs are being implemented that are aimed at reducing social stress, so the unevenness of incomes tends to change. The largest indicator is typical for Namibia, Bolivia, Sierra Leone, Honduras, Haiti, Botswana and Brazil (75 in the average).
The most common decile coefficient in the countries of the European Union is 6 (the smallest - in the Scandinavian countries - close to 4), the USA - 15, Japan - 6, Pivnichniy Africa - 6.
Decile coefficient in Russia
The situation of injustice in the distribution of incomes is a summative situation in our industry. From the 90s of the last century, the decile coefficient in the Russian Federation is no longer growing. Having expanded among social groups, having reached such expansions, the problem can be seen with an indefinable eye. And about what kind of justice can you talk about in your opinion? The largest security of 10% may have 20 times the largest material assets, the lowest group of workers is similar in size. Under this situation, do not start the boulder of the flooring.
On the cob of the last century, the decile coefficient did not exceed 6, just like the United States' wines exceeded 18. Beyond the worlds of the western lands, the tsar's motherland lived a lot. One more time to bring to light that the Great Revolution of 1917 was caused by political reasons, and not by economic ones. It is important that, whether it be zavorushennya, they can be, as if showing off 10.
Social differentiation in Tsarist Russia
For the achievements of Professor B. Mironov, to the highest levels of population in 1901-1904. there were such categories of people:
- Marginals.
- Sіlskogospodarski robіtniki.
- Day laborers.
- Women and children, employed in factories.
The income of the largest 10% of the population was 6.5 rubles per month, or close to 78 per river.
The assessment of the security of the richest people of the region was carried out by the Commission on the Provision of Surplus Tax, established under the Ministry of Finance in 1905. Vaughn cheered up, which in the average income was 2130 rubles per river, or 178 per month. Ale is less than 1% of the tenth group. In addition, 9% of riches took less than 320.5 rubles on the river. Also, the average income of the tenth decile group is 493 rubles, and the coefficient of differentiation is 6.3.
Threaten the errіvnomіrny rozpodіlu
Malozabezpecheni sim'ї є unprotected sphere of the population. The stench cannot afford sufficient protection to survive cyclical economic crises. The presence of such groups of the population does not only provoke conflicts and confusions, but rather the power of staining a significant amount of money for their support. With this subsidization, it is not a problem, but only an escalation of the situation. A more rational way is the creation of new working areas and the promotion of progressive sustenance.
Enthusiasm...