Russian vocabulary(Sukupnіst sіv movi) went through a rich path of development, in the process of which one word was known, and others - were. This process is going on in our days and will continue farther away, like a living language on the planet.
Vocabulary can be divided into calmlyі backward. Offended by these layers, by their blackness, heterogeneous for their adventures and the hour of vindication of words (lexemes).
Rozpovіd pro tse mi pochnemo z odvіchnoї lexicon: she herself folds the main part of the vocabulary warehouse of Russian language. If there is an exact number of quiet words, then it is important to put it in, and different contributors to give different estimates here. The most part of the spokonvіchnoї lexicon is in the range of 80-90% (more navіt more) according to the common word stock.
Calm down those words are called, which have settled into the Danish mov z morphemes, which є in the new one, or were declined from the more ancient “movie ancestor”. Supporting, controversial, the vocabulary of the Council of Rosiysko Movie is not the same word, they took off on the Rosіyskoye Grutti in the Ostenni Two Station, Ale Popadovani, the XVIII century, the Ru -Radlosko, the prairopyanny MOV in the lady in the vicinity ...
Indo-European
Tsya umovna named the most ancient Russian slovs, as they have come to us in the recessions of the epoch of the Proto-European unity. Proto-European language is hypothetical; vіn іsnuvav y V - IV thousandths to zv. e. In the aftermath of the disintegration into numerical dialects, giving the ear to the greatness of the native Europeans and the Asian (Indo-European natives).
Іndoevropeїzmi zdebіshogo represent the names of specific objects, such as dіy; it is not enough for that number to understand the meaning of the abstract. All these words may be close to "relatives" not only in the words of the Yang, but also in other language of the Indo-European homeland. Naturally, the "pockets" of one and the same Proto-European word in modern language look different: by stretching the bagats, the stench changed and heaped up deaks of phonetic, structural and semantic distinctions. Let's put some controversial words to go to the pre-European doby:
Russian sky- German Nebel'fog' - Greek nephos'sky, haze' (details about the etymology of the word sky div.);
Russian syn- Lithuanian sunus- German sohn- English son;
Russian ever- Latin ovis- old Indian avikaḥ that in.
The Crimea was rehabilitated, before the Indo-European language, the Russian language has the words:
mother, daughter, brother, sister, daughter-in-law, nіs, tooth, vuho, eye, nіch, water, month, snow, fire, gander, deer, booth, honey, oak, nasіnnya, grain, bronze, price, im'ya, new, livy, first, mother, brother, ridat, sew, grind, beat, two, three that in. Yak bachimo, among them are the terms of sporeness, designation of creatures, parts of the body, diy, yakostey, kilkost.
Zagalnoslov'janska lexicon
Praslov'yanska (Zahalnoslov'yanska) mova - one of the "naschadkіv" proto-European. I have my own line є spilnym ancestor of the usіh mov words of the yansk group. The hour of the date is not set exactly, call the period from another hour in the middle of the first thousand years before the sound. e. to VI - VII Art. e.
Before the zagalnoslov'yanskoy lexicon, words are brought, like vinickles in the proto-slovak'yansky mov and boulli earlier. With whom, the stench sounded created on the basis of the pra-Indo-European root, without a middle downgraded by words; seldom - s urakhuvannyam zapozichen (for example, z mov nіmetskoї ї grupi). In the present hour, the Russian words of Russian words are close to the same in other words, but not in other words of the Indo-European sim's.
We look like a butt word father. In today's Russian language, it came from the pre-Slavic doby, which was done on the basis of a modified Indo-European root * at-(from the childish language) for the help of the suffix *-ĭ kŏs. As a result of the coming changes, the word came to form * otbkb> * otbcb, the stars look like a long time ago father, And then the current Russian version. Close analogues of є in other words of the English language: Ukrainian father, Bulgarian father, Serbo-Croatian father, Slovenian oce, Czech otec, Polish ojciec, Upper Luzhitsk wotc that in. Praindoevropeyske signification of the old man was used by words (por. German Vater, latin Pater, English father and etc.).
Let's bring other examples of Russian words of the ancient Slavic campaign. The big stink means:
- Parts of the body of people and creatures ( throat, head, hand, bik, mane, hair, disguise, rilo, nail, kopito);
- Terms of controversy ( father-in-law, mother-in-law, witch, stepmother, son-in-law, onuk);
- Periods and times of the hour ( spring, river, summer, tomorrow, early, month);
- pobutu items ( head, barrel, wind, whisk, thread, lock, mirror, candle, oliya);
- natural objects and phenomena ( potik, іnіy, storm, grіm, lake, island, valley, sun, zіrka, earth, ice);
- roslini ( carrot, wheat, viburnum, lingonberry, oats, yalina, birch);
- domestic and wild creatures, komakh ( dog, witch, horse, fish, rice, bison, bik, bjola, caterpillar, snake, eagle, hedgehog, stallion, owl, hare);
- colored copalini ( clay, tin, sand, ice, gold, silver, lead, copper);
- zaryaddya, tools that busy ( ticks, harrow, rake, oar, gusli, lower, chisel, watering, list);
- Persons, people ( guest, witch, potter, people, named, naming, young man, shepherd);
- Abstract understanding ( wrestling, punishment, fear, vaga, grief, sin, gift, happiness, defense, image, smile);
- Dії ( fell, cook, bathe, latati, dihati, glee, drive, bite, distance, crush, їhati, shkoduvati);
- signs of yakosti ( important, stupid, deep, shvidky, great, old, expensive, green, red, gray, levi).
Surely, here the largest semantic categories are redeemed; they do not exhaust all the richness of the zagalnoslov'yanskoy lexicon of the Russian language. There are close to two thousand words in modern Russian language between the pre-European and pre-Slavic lexemes. From one side, not rich; z іnshgo - tsі words dosi є dosit cohabitation, and in our everyday conversation often become close to the fourth. Krіm іmennikіv, dієslіv аnd prikmetnikіv є among them are also numerals, borrowers, servants and servants of the mov.
Skhidnoslov'yanska (old Russian) vocabulary
Movna spіlnіst skhіdnoslov'yanskih tribes formed approximately VII - IX Art. she woke up to the XIV - XV centuries. Tsі tribes, whose mova ninі is called skhіdnoslov'yanskaya chi old Russian, became the ancestors of the ninth Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. The power, on the territory of which lived glades, drevlyans, vyatichi, siveryans, krivichi and a lot of other words of the yansky and non-slovak ethnos in that period, at the same time it is called Old Russia.
Long time ago, for the trips, the spoconvіch lexicon was formed of the zdebіlsh z urakhuvannya zagalnoslov'janskoї, іnоdі - z urakhuvanniam zaposichen (from Greek, German, Turkic mov). Close in appearances to Russian words, which came from Ancient Russia, in Ukrainian and Belarusian language, and the axis of the language is foreign and similar to Russian words, as a rule, there are none.
squirrel, jackdaw, drake, snowman, nephew, snowfall, glance, share('region, territory'), volinka, blade, screen, ruble, tesla, shevets, cook, sorcerer, village, settlement, pasta, pіlga, potіkha, quiet, jubilant, pilny, raptovy, zatіyati, wily, vgamuvati, flicker, maniti, zvikati, dobrati that in.
Vlasne Russian vocabulary
Z XIV - XV Art. the era of a separate Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian language begins. The mustache of calm words that appeared in Russian at this hour are called well Russian. The stench is to become a greater part of our vocabulary stock.
The largest and most manipulative layer of Russian vocabulary. It was created and is being created on the basis of calm words, which moved the language from the recessions in the early periods of development, as well as on the basis of the post-mortem. For the rest: ring out to the spokonvіchnoj lexicon and say such words, as if they have settled down in accordance with the rules of the Russian word-creation, for the help of Russian affixes. For example, words highway, tea, manicure not є spokonvіchnimi in Russian language and lie down to the backward vocabulary. Ale lexemy shoe, teapot, manicure established already in the Russian language according to the rules, so they are encouraged to be calm. Deyakі doslidniki bring them to the intermediate sphere of vocabulary between calm and backward words.
In addition, words can be calmly Russian, which are mostly composed of foreign morphemes. For example: astronaut, activist, rocket launcher. These lexemes appeared to be Russian language, created by their wearers, but not taken calls. In foreign languages, the stench either flared up during the day, or є behind the Russian ones.
Literature:
Shansky N.M. Draw on the Russian word-creation and lexicology. - M., 1959.
Rosenthal D. E., Golub I. B., Telenkova M. A. Modern Russian language. - M., 2017.
Shansky N. M., Ivanov V. V. Modern Russian language: At 3 parts. - Ch. I. - M., 1987.
Marinova E. V. Inshomovna vocabulary of modern Russian language. - M., 2012.
Chornikh P. Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of modern Russian: In 2 volumes. - M., 1999.
Shansky N. M., Ivanov St. St., Shanskaya T. St. A short etymological dictionary of Russian language. - M., 1971.
The essence of the article: too much falsehood is too late - it's bad. I need to discuss food and verse, otherwise the death of peaceful words will come from the Russian language.
Russian language has ceased to develop, like Russian language.
Give respect to the new words of the language. Mayzhe all zapozichyuyutsya іz іnozemnyh mov. If not so, then try to guess what new Russian words have appeared for the rest of 30 years. The very calm Russian words. Stink є, ale їх even a little. Why would you call the language Russian, if there are no Russian words in it? They linger like words, and word-creating parts. Takі yak -ing(zatseping), -abel-(readable), -er(dosker, tascher), pro-(prozakhidny), prevdo-(pseudoscience) and іn. Tim himself grew a large number of slivs founded on foreign plots. Insha movna bida - the growth of the word is not shriveled: selfies, primaries, worse and more. Why do we need to arrange language for the English language, we have our own language, with our own rules.
We give great respect to the names of establishments, shops, sides near the fence, entering that one. Already today, more of these names are worn behind the words. What's more, they already had a lot of English words. I want more to be seen by Russian people. Aje Russian mova to take revenge on your own greatness for the creation of names.
The position has become a substitute.
There is a post-position of the words, yaki mi mayo. The foreign word becomes the place of the Russian, it replaces yoga. Applied, you can direct more richly.
- import - import, import, import, import;
- click - click, push;
- content - top, vmist;
- goalkeeper - goalkeeper;
- implementation - zdijsnennya, vtіlennya, vykonannya, vіlennya, vykonannya, carrying out, zdіysnennya; sales, zbut;
- gravity - gravity, gravity;
- deficiency - non-stacha, non-stacha, congestion, non-stacha, vacancies, non-stacha, insufficiency;
- that rich rich others;
Zapozichennya carry ignorance in oneself.
Forever mova, full of them, less understanding, less calm Russian my. Once I have understood for myself, which is to translate the position, then it is more reasonable, and I began to master the different sciences, trade, sovereign understanding. Why don’t you just say to your Russian sensible mind?
For example, if you take a friend of philosophy, the first rows of the book seem to say that I love the filet of walnuts, and sophia is wisdom. Write about wisdom, which is the science of wisdom, which brings us to Greek language, but we are not mavens. Having written it, it is not necessary to read a new word. It is not required to explain at the temples the meaning of the word. The word "wisdom" is known to us as childishness. "Philosophy" - only one butt of the impersonal. Mayzhe at the skin assistant write new words. That Wikipedia itself in the skin stats of the victorist is anonymous, as if it were easier to understand the stats. Tse rob the majestic contribution of the upovilnennya navchannya. We have to learn about impersonal new words about some kind of science that takes away from us the hour of understanding the subject itself. Even if more later, it would be replaced by Russian words, then we would have mastered the subject in a richer way, which turns.
Today, it is necessary to be respectful of your Russian mother, to be respectful yourself, and not just to be worn.
More foreign words and virazivs can be spoken by Russian language without any guesswork and waste of thought. Participants of the university of R_dnomovstva.rf have long since crossed paths with tsyom, if they were translating deyakі statti and using foreign words. They compile a dictionary of replacements for foreign words, in which there are primary words, proponated for replacements, and absolutely new, that are pieces. So, pieces, more than one of the decisions should be replaced in reverse and, perhaps, one of the main ones.
If you want to speak like a Russian, you can’t help but think of the positional words like the calm words. You can help someone with the title of "etymological dictionaries". One of the simplest ones is "School etymological dictionary of Russian". Folding dictionary "Etymological Dictionary of Russian Max Fasmer". Є th іnshі dictionaries. The stench describes the slut's adventure, and recognizes it more hoarsely. The second way to introduce the Russian word into the foreign language is to know the sprat is a sign of the non-Russian language.
- letter "a" on the cob of the word mayzhe zavzhdi to talk about foreign travel
- litera "f" and "e" in any world of the word can always speak about the foreign language of the word.
- use "kk", "ll", "kz", "mp", "ng", "mm", "pp", "nt" and many others to talk about foreignness.
Іsnuє one more miraculous way of recognizing a foreign word. As the word is present in the English and Russian languages, you can always say that it is out of position. So with Greek, Latin, German language.
Also, the “Glossary of foreign words” and so the titles “Glossary of Galicisms” are used, in which all foreign words are selected for an hour of folding these dictionaries.
To get closer to the more peaceful Russian one can read art books of the past. And you can read the most important Russian dictionaries, from which the words of that yoga are chosen. Obov'yazkovo slid marvelous, put it to words, to know, how to live. Nasampered vіdomy usіma dictionary of Dahl. You can also read the Dictionary of Russian Folk Talk, just think about it, 15 thousand sides. The participants of the “Ridnorichchya” movement tried out similar vocabularies in the same place on their lace knot at the “Korisnosti” branch. Selected vocabularies are more varied and hoarse. Knowing the language, knowing the world.
Do not hesitate to speak Russian.
Too many people are trying to express their thoughts more wisely, jokingly foreign words. Others simply follow the Russian language, more and more diluting their language with scientific Greek-Latin-English words. They guide the vernacular language, showing themselves to be difficult people. And when you look to the side, you don’t understand. Somehow fluidly slightly tsі do not carry the sense of someone else's words. It is not important to remember that the same science can be explained in two ways, scientifically and in a simple way, so in all ways in a simple way it means more Russian language, more spacious and sensible.
In rozmovi about the world of calm words and about the manifestation of these words in people, blame rash thoughts, as if they were called monastics, chi by unknown people in the right, chi timi, to whom it is clear. So, navit for the sake of ziska. Aje vie would not have been aware of the fact that our Russian language had become luminous, we would have known the luminosity of the skin coil. Yak bi mi were proud of tse. Ale sorry. Today we roam in English language, like a dying innumerable people.
What do you say?
"Reserved naturally."
So so so. Tse does not mean those who have not traced respect for the new one. The sting and rot of parts of the body are also natural, but I’m afraid of the other one, I’m b’emo on a flash. As it was said more, it’s not guilty to replace it and see the words of the movie. Tobto vono can dopovnyuvati mova and buti be true. However, everything is getting closer and closer. Ninishne zapozitshennya to rot the independent development of the Russian. І він is transformed into a shchos unruhome, laziness.
“Mova will figure out for herself what to leave out of foreign words, and what to throw away. The Russian language of the flooring is great and mighty, so that it does not require a defense.”
Mova neviddilna like people. Vіn lie down among people. Yogo can be changed for the help of law, sanctify it with an implicit order. People lie, what to leave out, and what to throw out, to protect the language. People on the equal footing of the law change, for example, “Mist” to “militia” and “policemen”, through which “locus” becomes an old word.
“The English language is the language of the future, and to those whom we will pass on to earlier, it will be better.
And for whom it is necessary to work a Russian language, a yakomoga more similar to her.
Rich someone who understands English language as well, nibi so can buti. However, in the field of English language, you can be another language. Moreover, the "international language" in different times was different (in the 19th century - French and German), and even more so, as English in the nearest future ceased to be so significant.
“Do you want to get rid of foreign slavs? Can you wikinet your computer?
Wine is not found in Russia! Abo let's walk around in bast shoes!
A thoughtless thought. So the titles of "babin's proof." Many people simply called out that everything is called new, as if in a foreign language. However, a lot of speeches are created and seen by Russian people and can be called Russian. More than that, more than half of the Russians are so old that it is my fault to live in forests and go barefoot. And with all these words, lovers of innovation, pushing success forward. Why don’t you stink to wear legs, kosovorotki with the implantation of the words “love”, “people”, “sin”, “father”, “mother” and rich others. Before that, the words are similar to foreign words and are also old and navit older for our modern Russian words. Speak dear to me - tse zovsіm does not mean to be inspired by modern wineries.
“It is important to write and speak correctly, and not to struggle with postures.”
Tse hibny vibir. Both are important. No need to pick up. Mova, who does not strongly comply with the rules, may be unreasonable to those who speak. And pozichennya virodzhuyut, roil Russian mova less Russian and less sensible. You can't miss both those and those.
“The french whimper was behind and the other, all passed, so pass and
English, no big deal.
Possibly, pass. I will forget a lot of words. Well, I know, it doesn’t mean those that don’t need to do anything. Daedals come to us for skin furry more than foreign slavs and often grow up. Bring some English fluff, show me an hour. However, it will be the most difficult and, possibly, deadly for moving. Why? Marvel at її ohohlennya. Ninishnya hvilya penetrated the winds of Merezhya to the deaf forces. Now navitt in the countryside ryasne vyvchennya posozichen. In another way, the river of enlightenment of the population has significantly moved up. People know more, science, as written in Greek-English-Latin, has become accessible. It is even more important to note the presence of foreign words in Russian. Thirdly, we spent fairy tales, songs, sings, prayers and more. Aje tse bulo my memory, as if it were in my head, and not in bookshops. All the same and a lot more happened to itself in the last 100 years, and not if it was a long time ago.
As soon as we say something, then support the Russian language, and not just support it. Live less foreign words. Live it up more than the unseen, rare, forgotten Russian slavs of foreigners, speak Russian my, and not my porridge.
Maybutnє movi and decide to lie down only in front of us.
Pislyamova: to show respect for the statue, let’s do it, it’s quiet in it, we’ll be quiet, as in the butts the names of books.
Deyakі Russian words to know the whole world. Їх navit do not translate. But through those, the word is simply intranslatable, but for those who are translating the transcendental ones, it is a manifestation in itself in such a way.
1) KALASHNIKOV
The name of the Russian zbroyar, who, having created one of the most popular automatic machines in the world, became wild.
AK 47 - the legend lives on. First place in the list of the most important wineries of the XX century for the version of the French magazine "Liberation" and 4 months in the list of "50 virobivs that changed the world" for the version of Beta to Playboy magazine, having sacrificed the Apple Macintosh computer, the Sony computer
Im'yam "Kalash" in Africa is called children, an automaton of images on the state ensigns of several powers (Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Burkina Faso, Shidny Timor) and on the coat of arms of Mozambique.
2) MATRYOSHKA
Regardless of those that the matrioshka herself - wine is not Russian, but Japanese, the Russian matrioshka itself has become an all-world famous brand, and the word itself does not require translating.
"Matroshka" resembles the name of Motron, as if it resembles the European word mater (mother).
Matrioshka dosі nadikhає the best light designers. Apple produces covers and speakers for ipad in the form of Russian national doll, American designer Rachel Chaba Sharfshtein produces Bushka treasures (like the word "grandmother") in the form of matrioshok, and the English manufacturer of Mathmos floor lamps - Babushka lamps in the same shape.
4) SPUTNIK
At once, a handful of Russian words became international after the launch of the Radian space program: Lunokhod, Sputnik, Soyuz, Mir and Vostok. This is unique for the history of the XX century, the most intense trendsetting in the Radyansk Union. Transliterated words, which were not important for foreigners, appeared on the lining of magazines, read them on television screens and chuli in radio broadcasts. It was not easy for western people to understand the difference between the words svіt / peace / world and orient / east / Схід, but nothing, they managed.
5) GULAG
Astolfe de Custine called the first Russia "in the pit" in his book "Russia in 1839". Vin wrote: "... Skilki is unassailable in this empire, there is no other way, like a covenant, the key to which is taken from the emperor ...". Behind the words of Herzen, "Kyustin's twirl pobuvav in all hands", the image of Russia as a "companion of the peoples" has risen to the Russian language as an aphorism
In the 20th century, zahidna propaganda was already spinning another myth - "The SRSR is the union of peoples." Tsey viraz knowing whether he was a foreigner. Moreover, rozumіv hour її literally. So, a lot of citizens of the United States, who come to Moscow for hours of free air, asked their radyansky accompanying people to show them GULAG. The idea was that the SRSR had no less, let's say, cinemas.
6) BORSHCH
Russian cuisine is known to be loved by the whole world, and її "brand" stravi, such as BLYNY, PIROGY, PELMENY, KASHA, KVASS and SMETANA can be seen in the menu of rich foreign restaurants. Itself, zvichayno, is not easy for people to call the word - BORSHCH. Borscht has long been loved by the Russian and European emigrants and gave the name of the resort area to the New York beer, as we now know as the "Borsch Belt".
7) PERESTROIKA
The wondrous Russian word "perebudova" has gone to the foreign lexicon like the 80s on the cob of the 90s of the last century. First, this term was voiced by Mikhail Gorbachov on the interview with the party activists of the Leningrad Moscow Party on May 15-17, 1985. Gorby said at the same time: “Maybe, comrades, we need to rehabilitate ourselves. Usim". The formula was spiced up with the Radyansky ones, and then with the zahіdny ZMI.
We all know what PERESTROIKA has brought us to.
8) HALIAVA
The word HALIAVA was brought across the cordon by the ever-present Russian tourists. Today, let’s go to the store and find a shop of Russian buyers, sellers love to be fooled by this word. Tsіkavim є pohodzhennya tsgogo word. “Freebie” used to be called a freebie of a chobot, where it was handy to put a river that was worthy. Just pull it off, then take it and pay no pennies for it. Did you know about etymology?
9) BABUSHKA
If you look into the English-Russian dictionary, you can use the word BABUSHKA (meaning: usually triangularly folded kerchief for the head; hustka, kosinka, scarf on the head). Another meaning of this word is “a summer Russian woman”.
Previously, the position of "babus" in Russian was recorded in Webster's dictionary (the dictionary means that the English word is used in 1938).
10) NA ZDOROVIE
As if you had a chance to take a part in the walls with foreigners, you, singsongly, gave respect to those who are none of them, that one would say like a toast: “Na zdorovie!”. It’s unbelievable at the end of the day, if you yourself began to think beyond the cordon, what to make you a toast, but it seems like foreigners often lay down for an hour. To roar the stench is instilled and with a touch of self-satisfaction, which you can see pride in knowing Russian traditions.
11) COSSACK
The word "Cossack" in America has been associated with Russia since the middle of the 18th century, when the Russian administration appeared in Alaska. Europe knew about the Cossacks earlier, but then the presentation of the Cossacks was held on May 1, 1814 in Paris, if the Russian parts came to the place.
As Russian soldiers and officers could not be seen in the Prussians and Austrians (only in uniform), the Cossacks were bearded, in bloomers with stripes, just like in the pictures in French newspapers. Only the real Cossacks were kind. Buried children ran after Russian soldiers. And the Parisian people of the nevdovz began to wear beards "under the Cossacks" and knives on wide belts.
In the English language, the word Cossac has been celebrated since 1589.
12) SAMIZDAT
The name "samvidav" appeared among the people of Radyansk, as a natural parody of the names of the radyansk state-owned vidavnichestvo organizations on the kshtalt "Derzhvidavnitstv" and "Politvidav".
First close behind the zmіst and form, the word “self-publishing” is sung live by Mykola Glazkov: even in the 1940s, he put the word on the rozfarbovannyh prepared by him and interlaced typewritten collections of his verses.
In 1960-1980, the rocky "samvidav" became a cult rіchchyu for the SRSR. "Samvidavska" books "went" and over the cordon, through which the word "blew" into the lexicon. The word SAMIZDAT is seen across the cordon and at once. The United States has the B&R Samizdat Express.
13) DACHA
The first dachas appeared in Russia back before Peter the Great, wanting to remember that the emperor himself popularized the first “dachas”.
"Dacha" (which in translation means "gift"), even during the hours of Ivan the Terrible, was the main currency for payment, we serve as a camp, a noble nobility, as the first Russian tsars tried to win over their backs from the protists with pleasurable pet princes.
It is necessary to say that at that hour the dacha was not granted forever, but was given for an hour of service. Only Peter I started the practice of handing over the zamіskі land plots at the front desk.
"Druge dihannya" dachas were built for Radyansk hours, if they got the status of one of the head fetishes of the Radyansk people.
DACHA is an international word. Vono in French and English languages.
14) SAMOVAR
The samovar is a ce russian rіch in sobі. Irrespective of those that the first samovars appeared in China, Russia became the subject of national pride.
In the 60s of the 18th century, Fedir Lisitsin, a brother-in-law, organized in Tula the production of kastrul and “appliances for heating water”. Nezabar, one would not want fairs to take place without the participation of many Tula masters. As a result, the Tula samovars became popular all over Russia: in 1829, at the St. Petersburg exhibition, the Tula samovar was awarded a small silver medal.
Beyond the cordon, Russian samovars appeared at once with emigrants and in no time became one of the markers of Russian identity beyond the cordon (to finish the Russian Samovar restaurant near New York). Just before Barack Obama's visit to Russia, Volodymyr Putin treated the President of the United States to tea from a samovar.
15) TROYKA
Officially, the vinicla trio of Russia on the cob of the XVIII century, if the triikova harness began to zastosovuvatysya tsar's chicken service, prote, vrakhovyuchi long way of leather Russian innovation, it is important to remember that the vinikla vinikla of Russia was earlier on.
Behind the historical legend, the acquaintance of “our western partners” with the Russian trio was for Katerina II, if the Austrian emperor Josip came to Russia. The Empress asked for the best coachman and she asked for help to bring the guest from St. Petersburg to Moscow in 36 years. The coachman sounded firmly, wanting to sound on the way, two or three dob...
16) TZAR
The Russian word "Tsar" is transliterated into English mine in decal variants. For example, TZAR and CZAR. When you ring, do not perekladёtsya. So, the most powerful radian bomb is called in English: TZAR-BOMBA.
Today, as BBC Russain wrote, "Tsars" in American political slang are called presidential special missions, like the White House, helping to manage the sphere and coordinating several government departments. Critics call them in the marriage "shadow office"
17) KGB
The abbreviation KGB from the Andropivsk hours and before the sunset of the SRSR was at once lakayuchayu and enchanting. About the power of these organizations knew from both sides of the ocean. The agent base was opened up, the high rіven fahіvtsіv radyanskoi derzhbezpeki became a parable in the language.
At the entrance to the rocks of the SRSR, there are a lot of people who believe that in the Union there is a file in the KGB on the skin of a radiant person, all the apartments are eavesdropped, and in the streets behind simple hulks there is a rush. Everything is like in Orwell's novel "1984".
In 2001, Cheburashka became very popular in Japan. In 2003, at the Tokyo International Animation Fair, the Japanese company SP International obtained from Soyuzmultfilm the rights to expand cartoons about Cheburashok in Japan until 2023, and on the Japanese television channel TV Tokyo, it was shown 26 gray animation about Cheburashok.
20) TAIGA
Russia is famous for its forests. The most important of the Russian forests is the taiga. This term behind the cordon is called whether it is an important forest. The word TAIGA and branding have been removed. Our "Niva" delivered to Austria under the Lada Taiga brand
Pohodzhennya lexicon of modern Ukrainian movie
Slovnikovy warehouse of the modern Russian language of the proishov trivaliy way of becoming. Our vocabulary is composed not only of old Russian words, but also of Russian words, and of other words. Inshomovnі dzherel ponovnyuvali and enriched the Russian mova protyazhu shogo process її istorichnogo razvitka. Some of them were built a long time ago, others were repaired recently.
The renewal of Russian vocabulary came straight from two people.
- New words were created from the obvious ones of the new word elements (roots, suffixes, prefixes). This is how Russian vocabulary expanded and developed slowly.
- New words were poured into the Russian language from other peoples as a result of economic, political and cultural links between the Russian people and other peoples.
The warehouse of Russian vocabulary at a glance can be schematically shown in the table.
Vocabulary of modern Ukrainian movie
Calmly Russian vocabulary
Quietly, Russian vocabulary is not uniform after its journey: it is made up of dekilkoh sharuvan, like it is resurrected by the hour of their adoption.
The most recent mid-century of Russian words and Indo-European unity are words that have been preserved in the era of Indo-European Modern Unity. Behind the admissions of the students, in the V-IV millennium BC. e. founded the recent Indo-European civilization that united the tribes that lived on a wide territory. So, behind the doslizhzhennyas of some liningvіstіv, there was a VID Volga to the єnishi, Inshi Vodazhayat, Shcho Tse Bula Balka-Dunaiska, abdino-Zhiyska, Localizati1 ilindhropeiska spit, and the pins of the same time,
Before the Indo-European primal foundation, the words that mean growth, creatures, threw and minerals, znaryaddya pracі, forms of the gospodaryuvannya, see the controversy toshcho: oak, salmon, gander, vovk, vіvtsya, mid, bronze, honey, mother, son, daughter, nothing, month, snow, water, new, sew that in.
The second layer of spokonvichno Russian lexicon is formed by the words of zagalnoslov'yanskі, declined by our own from zagalnoslov'yanskoy (pra-slov'yanskoy), which served as a dzherel for all words of yansky mov. Tsya mova-basis was founded in the prehistoric era on the territory of the inter-Dnipro, Bug and Wisli, inhabited by ancient Slavic tribes. Until VI-VII Art. n. e. the zagalno-Slovakian mov fell apart, opening the way to the development of the words of the yansk mov, including old-Russian ones. Zagalnoslov'yanskie words are easily seen in all words'yanskih mov, the consistency of such a move is obvious in our hour.
There are a lot of names among the zagalnoslov'yansky slovs. We have specific names for us: head, throat, beard, heart, dolonya; field, mountain, fox, birch, maple, wil, cow, pig; sickle, pitchfork, lower, seine, susid, guest, servant, friend; shepherd, spinner, potter. Є th abstract names, but less: faith, will, guilt, sin, happiness, glory, fierceness, thought.
Of the other parts of the language, the Zagalno-Slovakian lexicon is represented by the Dієslov: bachiti, chuti, growth, brehati; prikmetniki: kind, young, old, wise, cunning; numerals: one, two, three; borrowers: I, ti, mi, vie; borrowers' servants: there, de, like and not like the service parts of the mov: over, a, i, so, ale, etc.
There are nearly two thousand words of foreign-slovak vocabulary, but rather a small vocabulary to become the core of the Russian vocabulary, to the new one includes the largest coexistence, stylistically neutral words, vicoristovuvani yak і snіy, and in writing promos.
The word-Janian language, which made the ancient pro-Slovian language language with its core, for sound, grammatical and lexical features was recreated into three groups: pivdennu, zahidnu and skhidnu.
The third layer of spokonvichno Russian words is formed from skhidnoslovyanskoy (old Russian) vocabulary, as it developed on the basis of movi skhidnyh words, one of three groups of old words of yansky mov. Skhіdnoslov'yanska movna spіlnіst formed up to VII-IX Art. n. e. on the territory of Northern Europe. Until the tribal splits that lingered here, the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian nationalities are fighting. To that, the words that were lost to our mow during the period, are, as a rule, in the Ukrainian, and in the Belarusian language, but also in the last and last words.
In the warehouse of skhіdnoslov'yanskoi vocabulary you can see: 1) name the creatures, birds: dog, squirrel, jackdaw, kacha, snigir; 2) the name of the znarad pratsі: juice, sword; 3) name the items of home-made: chobit, kіvsh, skrinka, ruble; 4) name the people for the profession: teslyar, cook, shevets, miroshnik; 5) name the settlement: village, settlement and other lexical-semantic groups.
The fourth layer of early Russian words was composed of Vlasno-Russian vocabulary, which was formed after the XIV century, in the era of independent development of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian language. These movahs already have their own equivalents for slovs, which lie in the hands of the Russian lexicon. Porivn. lexical units:
Well Russian words are seen, as a rule, with a similar basis: molyar, leaflet, rozdyagalnya, spilnist, vtruchannya that іn.
Slid pіdkresliti, scho in the warehouse of Russian vocabulary can be words with іnshomovnim roots, scho passed the way of Russian vocabulary and acquired Russian suffixes, prefixes: partisanship, non-partisanship, aggressiveness; line, cup, teapot; words with a collapsible basis: radio vuzol, steam locomotive, as well as impersonal collapsibly short words that made up our language in the 20th century: Moscow Art Theater, lіspromgosp, stіngazeta ta іn.
Quietly Russian vocabulary and now continue to popovnyuvatisya words, as if created from the improvement of the language resources of language, in the wake of the most sophisticated processes, the local Russian vocabulary.
as well as a new theory of Indo-European ancestry in Gamkrelidze T.V., Ivanov V.V. Indo-European language and Indo-European language. Reconstruction and historical and typological analysis of promo and protoculture. Tbilisi, 1984.
Positioning of the words of the yansky mov
A special place in the warehouse of Russian vocabulary among the words of the "Janian" words is occupied by the old "Janian" words, but the "Staro-Slovak" "yan_zm" (Church-Slovak "yan_zm"). These are the words of the old-fashioned words of the Jansk mov, good to know in Russia at the time of the expansion of Christianity (988 rubles).
Being my liturgical books, the old Slavonic language was far away from the Rozmovnoї mov, for a year it was remembered by the infusion of the similar Slavic language language and itself, at its own side, put a ticket on my people. Russian litopisi vіdbivayut nіtnіnі vіpadki zmіshuvannya tsikh nativnyh mov.
Having poured in the Old Slovak 'yansk' movi, we'll be more pliable, we'll enrich our mov, having grown її more viraznoy, gnuchka. Zokrema, the Russian vocabulary began to get accustomed to old words, which meant abstract concepts, which had their own names.
At the warehouse of old words'yanіzmіv, which replenished the Russian vocabulary, you can see a few groups: 1) words that oppose zagalnoslov'yanskoy movi, that may skhіdnoslov'yanskie variants of a different sound or affixal design: gold, nіch, ribal; 2) old-slovakisms, yakі do not think of consonant Russian words: finger, mouth, lanitis, persі (por. rosіyani: finger, lips, cheeks, breasts); 3) semantic old-slovakisms, that is zagalno-slovak words, as if they took away old-slovak new meaning, associated with Christianity: god, sin, sacrifice, fornication.
Old-Slovakian references may have characteristic phonetic, word-forming and semantic references.
Before the phonetic signs of old words'yanіzmіv lie:
- inconsistency, tobto. poednannya -ra-, -la-, -re-, -le-mіzh voicing the house of vociferous Russians -oro-, -olo-, -ere-, -barely, -elo- at the warehouse of one morphemy: brada - beard, youth - youth, cherga - a series, sholom - helmet, milk - milk,
- poednannya ra-, la- on the cob of the word in Russian ro-, lo-rab, tour; since. skhіdnoslov'yanskі to rob, choven,
- podednannya zhd on mіstsі rosіyskogo zh, scho yagaє single zagalnoslov'yanskogo svvzvuchchya: odeag, nadiya, mіzh; since. skhidnoslovyanskі: clothes, nadiya, mizh;
- the voice of the house of the Russian year, also viskhidnі to one and that zagalnoslovyansky spіvvzvuchchyu: nothing, daughter; since. skhіdnoslov'yanskі: nіch, daughter,
- voiced on the cob of the word of the house of the Russian deer, single, porivn. skhіdnoslov'yanskі: deer, one;
- voicing e pid in a voice before repeating, let's voice the house of Russian about (e): cross, sky; since. hell, sky.
Other old-Slovakianisms take the Old-Slovakian prefixes, suffixes, folding basis, characteristic of the Old-Slovakian word-creation:
- prefixes voz-, s-, bottom-, through-, pre-, pre-: spіvati, vygnannya, send, overhead, step over, transfer;
- suffixes -stvі(i), -eni(i), -ani(i), -zn, -tv(a), -h(s), -usch-, -yushch-, -ashch-, -yashch-: coming, praying, tormenting, strata, prayer, kermanich, leading, knowledgeable, screaming, screaming;
- folding foundations with typical elements for old-slovakianisms: God-fearing, goodness, evil-mindedness, zaboboni, obzherlivist.
It is also possible to classify old words, based on their semantic and stylistic features in Russian words.
- Most of the old words are seen by bookish zabarvlennyam, urochist, raising sounds, youth, shore, doe, sleep, sacred, impermanent, all-pervading and pid.
- In the presence of such old-words'yanisms, those are sharply pronounced, as they are not stylistically seen on the aphids of the lexicon (a lot of them were taken out of them in the form of similar words'anisms, which produced their meanings) sholom, licorice, robot, vologa; since. old Russian: helmet, sweet, vologa.
- A special group is to form old-slovakisms, which take root in order with Russian options, which they took away in the language of other meanings: gunpowder, gunpowder, raditi - to convey, the head (to the order) - the head, the hulk - the city dweller, etc.
Old words of another and third group are not accepted by the wearers of modern Russian language as foreign - the stench of the floorings has been Russified, which practically does not resonate with the spokonviku of Russian words. In view of such, genetic, old-slovakianisms, the words of the first group take a link from the old-slovakian, my bookish; many of them in the past century had an invisible part of the poetic vocabulary: Persian, lanita, mouth, licorice, voice, power, golden, young that іn. Now the stench is like poetry, and G.O. Vinokur called them stylistic words "yanisms"1
From the other closely disputed words of the Russian language, the Russian language came with some other words, which are rarely seen among the calmly Russian vocabulary. From Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, the names of bututovyh objects, for example, Ukrainians, were mentioned: borscht, dumplings, dumplings, hopak. A few words came to us from the Polish language: place, monogram, zbrya, zrazi, gentry. Through the Polish language, Czech words and other words were posited: ensign, impudent, kut toshcho.
1 Div. Vinokur G.O. About words in modern Russian literary language / / Selected works from Russian M., 1959. P. 443.
Positioning of non-Slovak language
The history of our people was born at the back of the Russian my own words of the different epoch. Economic, political, cultural contacts with other countries, Russian essences imposed their own influence on the development of the movie.
The most significant positions of non-Slovak language were penetrated by the Russian language of the VIII-XII centuries. From the Scandinavian language (Swedish, Norwegian) came to us the words associated with the marine industry: skheri, yakir, hook, hook, powerful names: Ryurik, Oleg, Olga, Igor, Askold. In the official-dealing movement of Old Russia, the words vіra, tіun, sneak, brand got used now. From the Finno-Ugric language, we named the ribs: whitefish, navaga, salmon, herring, shark, smelt, oseledets, and navіt deyakі words, evocative of the lives of the pіvnіchnіh narodіv: sledge, tundra, blizzard, narti, dumplings and others.
The words of German language can be seen before the ancient times: armor, sword, shell, cauldron, pagorb, beech, prince, boron, pig, camel and others. Where the likeness of the ancient words of the vcheni overlaps, the number of words from the old-fashioned words seems ambiguous to the contemporary scholars (for example, 20 to 200 words).
Close to the state of the Turkic peoples (Polovtsian, Pechenigiv, Khozar), Viysk essences from it, that buv and Mongol-Tatar bulk have been deprived of the Russian language of Turkic words. The stench is seen with the head rank to the nomadic pobutu tsikh narodiv, clothes, stuffing: sagaydak, lasso, v'yuk, chicken, beshmet, belt, heel, pouch, kumach, screen, brush, kaydani, bondage, treasury, guard and іn.
The biggest splurge on the language of Ancient Russia was spitting on the language of the Greek language. Kievan Rus conducted trade with Byzantium, and the penetration of Greek elements into the Russian vocabulary began even before the adoption of Christianity in Russia (VI century), it was strengthened by the influx of Christian culture in the connection with the christenings of the IX. liturgical books translated from Greek language into Old Slavonic.
Walnuts for trips - a lot of names for butovy objects, vegetables, fruits: cherry, ogirok, lyalka, strichka, balia, beetroot, likhtar, lava, lazna; words related to science, enlightenment: grammar, mathematics, history, philosophy, philosophy, alphabet, dialect; positioned in the Galusian religion: angel, vіvtar, pulpit, anathema, archimandrite, antichrist, archbishop, demon, yalin, gospel, icon, incense, cell, schema, lampada, chernets, monastir, palamar, seller, archpriest.
Pznіshі zapozichennya z gretskoї mov vіdnosyatsya exclusively to the sphere of sciences, art. A lot of Greekisms came to us through other European movies and are widely used in scientific terminology, which took away the deep knowledge: logic, psychology, department, idyliya, idea, climate, criticism, metal, museum, magnet, syntax, lexicon, comedy, tragedy , planet, stage, stage, theater that in.
The Latin language also played a role in the enriched Russian vocabulary (including terminology), connected with the sphere of science and technology and supple political life. Words descend to the Latin dzherel: author, administrator, audience, student, extern, minister, justice, operation, censorship, dictatorship, republic, deputy, delegate, rector, excursion, expedition, revolution, constitution, etc. they came to our language, like in other European languages, not only for the direct contact of the Latin language with others (which, obviously, was not excluded, especially - through different initial mortgages), but for the help of other languages. Latin language in the rich European powers was a blessing to my literature, science, official papers and religion (Catholicism). Create science until the 18th century. often written in my own Latin; medicine dosi Vikoristovu Latina. Everything accepted the creation of the international fund of scientific terminology, as it was mastered by a lot of European language, including Russian.
In our time, scientific terms are often created from the Greek and Latin roots, meaning understandable, unknown in the era of antiquity: astronaut [gr. kos-mos - Vsesvit + gr. nautes - (sea) swimmer]; futurology (lat. futurum - future + gr. logos - word, vchennya); scuba gear (lat. aqua - water + English lung - legenya). The reason for the wine productivity of Latin and Greek roots, which are included in various scientific terms, and inspire their international character, which makes it easier to understand such foundations in different languages.
Later, the lexicon of the European language became familiar to the Russians in the 16th–17th centuries. and was especially active in the Petrovsky era, in the XVIII century. The transformation of all aspects of Russian life for Peter I, his administrative, military reforms, the success of enlightenment, the development of science - all absorbed the richness of Russian vocabulary in other words. Tse buli numerically name new subjects, such as Russian and marine terms, words from the gallery of science and mysticism.
From the German language, the following words were used: sandwich, cravat, decanter, capelyukh, office, package, price list, vіdsotok, accountant, promissory note, share, agent, tabir, headquarters, commander, junker, corporal, gun carriage, bandolier, verstat, jointer, nickel, quartz, saltpeter, wolfral, potato, cibula.
Marine terms came from the Dutch language: shipyard, harbor, wimpel, light, drift, pilot, sailor, raid, yard, kermo, fleet, ensign, fairway, skipper, navigator, boat, ballast.
From English, there were also similar sea terms: boat, brig, barge, schooner, yacht, midshipman. The influx of the English language appeared equally stable: from the new into the Russian language the words of the stretching of the 19th century penetrated. and better. So, the words from the sphere of suspended waters, technical and sports terms, name the related subjects: leader, department, rally, boycott, parliament, station, elevator, dock, budget, square, cottage, trolleybus, rail, macintosh, beefsteak , pudding, rum, whiskey, grog, cake, plaid, light, jacket, jacket, finish, sport, athlete, football, basketball, volleyball, boxing, croquet, poker, hockey, jockey, bridge, spinning and other.
Significant trace in the Russian vocabulary, leaving out the French language. The first Galicisms penetrated from the Petrovsky era, that Buv, for example, the 18th - the beginning of the 19th century, in connection with the Gallomania of the secular suspension, the position of the French became especially popular. Among them are the words of butt-worn confession: suit, hood, corset, corsage, jacket, vest, coat, coat, blouse, tailcoat, bracelet, veil, jabot, top, furniture, chest of drawers, cabinet, sideboard, salon, toilet, dressing table, chandelier , lampshade, curtain, service, footman, bouillon, cutlet, cream, stew, dessert, marmalade, ice cream and other; Russian terms: avant-garde, captain, sergeant, artillery, march, arena, cavalry, redoubt, attack, breach, battalion, salute, garrison, courier, general, lieutenant, blindage, recruit, sapper, cornet corps, landing, fleet, squadron.
There are few words in the gallery of art that also go down to French movies: linenage, parterre, stage, actor, prompter, director, intermission, foyer, plot, role, stage, repertoire, farce, ballet, genre, role, stage. All these words have become the property of our language, henceforth, it has become a position as a name, and to understand, the need for the richness of Russian culture. The deyakі frantsіkі pozitshennya, scho vіdobrazali vіzke kolo іnteresіv vishukаnogo nobility suspіlstvo, not pinched on the Russian soil and vyyshli z vіvannya: rendezvous, plaisir, polites and pіd.
Through the French language, deyakі italіyski words came to us: baroque, carbonaria, dome, mezzanine, mosaic, cavalier, pantaloni, gasoline, arch, barricade, watercolor, credit, corridor, bastion, carnival, arsenal, bandit, balcony, charlatan, basta, balustrade and
From Italian movi, all European movi, including Russian, came musical terms: adagio, arioso, aria, viola, bass, cello, bandura, capela, tenor, cavatina, canzone, mandolin, libretto, forte, piano, moderato, etc. There are only a few words to go to the Italian dzherel: harpsichord, ballerina, harlequin, opera, impresario, bravo.
The only ones similar to the Spanish language, like the Russian language, often penetrated through the French medium: alcove, guitar, castagneti, mantilla, serenade, caramel, vanilla, tyutyun, tomato, cigar, lemon, jasmine, banana.
Before the inshomonic lags, one could not only see okrem words, but also deaky word-creating elements: walnut prefixes a-, anti-, arches-, pan-: immoral, antiperebudovny, archinelepiy, pan-German; Latin prefixes: de-, counter-, trans-, ultra-, inter-. degradation, counterplay, trans-European, ultralive, intervocalic; Latin suffixes: -ізм, -іst, -or, -tor and іn tailism, harmonist, combinator. Such prefixes and suffixes were fixed not only in Russian language, but the stench became internationally wide.
Significantly, as Russian words are posited with other language. Moreover, in different periods of our history, not only such Russian words, like a samovar, borscht, borscht, a crane and other, but also like a companion, please, perebudova, glasnost, penetrated into our language. The successes of the Radyansky Union in space exploration were adopted by those that the terms of this sphere, which were born in our language, were adopted by other languages. cosmonaut, monastic
Mastering the backward words of the Russian language
Inshomonic words, drinking into our language, step by step assimilate it: attach themselves to the sound system of the Russian language, follow the rules of the Russian word-creation and that word change, in this chi іnshіy mirі trachayushchie such a rite of drawing your non-Russian adventure.
In the foreground, the peculiarities of the sound design of the word are used, for example, nasal sounds in the positions of the French chi sounds, the authoritative English language, and so on. For example, the words leaf-bearer, prompter, pavement no longer sound typical for French language sounds (nasal voices, tracings [r]); in the words meeting, pudding, there is no English back-to-back n, which are the back part of the back of the movie (in the transcription [*ng], moreover, the diphthong has been used first of them; the ears of the voice in the words jazz, gin are moving with the characteristic Russian articulation, like us the Latin word seminarium turned into a seminar, and then - into a seminar, the Greek analogos - into an`alogue, and analogikos - into an analogous, not middle, but a woman’s gender: beetroot.
Overgrown with word-creating affixes, behind the positions of words, they enter the grammatical system of Russian language and follow the rules of word change: they establish the paradigms of vіdmin, vіdmin.
Assimilation of backward words should be called to produce and to semantic changes. Most of the idioms of the Russian language use etymological links with the disputed roots of the movi-dzherel. So, we do not accept the words resort, sandwich, perucar as the words of a folding base (resort s kurie-rep - "lust" + Ort - "place"; perucar - literally "peruka, what to rob"; sandwich - "butter" i " bread"))
In the wake of deethymology, the meanings of other words become unmotivated.
However, not all of them are assimilated by Russian language, however: so, like the floorings have become Russified, so they do not show their foreign trip (cherry, zoshit, party, chicken, soup, cutlet), like words-pribultsі.
In the middle of the past, the Russian language has been mastered, and the native Russian vocabulary is sharply seen. p align="justify"> Particularly in the midst of such places, exoticism is occupied by exoticism - words that characterize the specific features of the life of different peoples and get used to the description of non-Russian activities. So, when depicting the peoples of the Caucasus, the words aul, saklya, dzhigit, arba and in.
To the other group one sees barbarism, tobto. transferring foreign words to the Russian soil, imbibing some kind of individual character. On the basis of other lexical barbarisms, the barbarisms are not fixed by the dictionaries of foreign words, even more so by the Russian dictionaries. Barbarism is not assimilated by my own, although they may be able to gain a foothold in the future. In this rank, practically all zapozichennya, the first nizh up to the post_yny warehouse of vocabulary, the singing hour was barbaric. For example, U. Mayakovsky lived like barbarism the word camp (I'm lying, - the name of the camp) , later on Russian banyas it became a position for camping.
Before barbarism, interspersed with Russian vocabulary: about "kay, merci, happy end, pater familias. for example, alma mater.
Phonetic and morphological drawings of reversed words
Among the phonetic examples of backward words can be called like this.
- On the vіdminu vіd spokonvichno rosіyskih slіv, yakі nіkoli did not obey the sound [a] (which superchilled the phonetic laws of the Russian language), behind the positions of the words mayut pochatkovo: profile, abat, paragraph, aria, attack, lampshade, arba, angel, anathema.
- Pochatkov e vіdrіznyaє is more important than Greekism and Latinism (Russian words never start from this, unreadable, sound): epoch, era, ethics, іspit, slaughter, effect, on top.
- The letter f to tell about the non-Russian dzherelі words, the shards of similar words to the sound [f] and the second graphic sign vikoristovuvavsya no more than the recognition of їх in the reverse words: forum, fact, lіkhtar, sofa, film, scam, form, aphorism, ether, profile that pid.
- When two and more voices in the word were unacceptable for the laws of Russian phonetics, the words behind it are easily seen for their special feature (the so-called son): sings, halo, out, theater, veil, cocoa, radio, punctuation.
- The sounds of ge, ke, heh, which recognized phonetic changes in calm words, appeared possible in the words of postpositions: cedar, hero, scheme, agent, ascetic.
- The Russian movable sequence of voiced and voiced sounds is not dominant, in which the Russian phonetic system transmits the voiceless parachute, puree, communique, jeep, zhuri.
- A special phonetic sign of the words of the Turkic adventure is the harmony of voices (singharmonism) - it is natural to live in one word of voices in more than one row: back [a], [y] or front [e], [i]: otaman, caravan, olive, cherevik, lasso , screen, sundress, drum, heel, belt, ulus, mosque, beads.
Among the morphological examples of the following words, the most characteristic is the immutability, the presence of inflections. So, deyaksі іnshomovnі іmenniki do not change according to vіdіnki, not mаyut spіvіdnosnyh forms of one and many: taxi, kava, coat, beige, min, max.
Before word-creating examples, the following prefixes are added: interval, deduction, individualism, regression, archimandrite, counter-admiral, antichrist and suffixes: dean's office, student, college, editor, literature, proletariat, populism, socialist, polemic, etc.
Calculation
One of the ways of positioning is calculus, in order to create lexical units for a clear translation of foreign words and a way of an exact translation of their significant parts, or to position the other meanings of words. Vіdpovіdno razraznyayut tracing paper lexical and semantic
The lexical tracing paper blames the result of the literal translation of the Russian language words by parts: prefix, root, suffix with the exact repetition of the way of illuminating and meaning. For example, the Russian word was adopted according to the German model aussehen as a result of the calculation, the prefix vi = German aus-; dієslіvna basis - marvelous = German sehen. The words water and kissen are walnut tracing papers hudor - "water" + genos - "rid" and oxys - "sour" + genos - "rid"; similarly to the German Halbinsel, it served as a sign for tracing paper; english sky-scraper in russian mov maє tracing paper hmarochos (por. ukrainian sky). The following came to us by way of calculation: zhittєpis (gr. bios + grapho), suprahuman (nіm. ber + Mensch); dobrobut (fr. bien + ktre), spelling (gr. orthos + grapho) and rich others. Similar tracing papers are also called word-creating, more precisely lexical and word-forming.
Semantic tracing papers - ce spokonvichnі words, yakі, krіm vlastih їm in the Russian lexical system of meanings, gain new meanings under the influence of other language. For example, the Russian word “picture”, which means “twir painting”, “vision”, under the influx of English began to get used to the meaning “film”. This is a calque of the richly-meaning English word picture, which can have a meaning in the movie: “picture, “baby”, “portrait”, “film”, “significant frame”.
A lot of semantic caliks from the French language of the centuries at the vzhitok N. M. Karamzin: chіpati, zvorushlivy, gusto, sharpening, the image of that іn Zvernennya before them on the cob of the 19th century. it was a characteristic rice of the "new warehouse", shattered by the Karamzin school and praised by Pushkin and її single-minded people.
The lexical and word-writing calculus was made with the addition of the Russian lexicon from Greek, Latin, German, French dzherel.
The second variety of verses and lexical sings are words that have a literal translation of foreign language and Russian word-forming elements. For example, the word humanism can have the Latin root human-us, but the Russian suffix -nist (poor humanism) is added to the new one, or in the collapsible word of the television broadcasting of the Greek (tele) and the Russian (vision) bases.
Set to backward words
Hundreds of backward words often collide with two extremes: on one side, the translation of the language with foreign words and turns, on the other side, the translation of them, the practice of living in a more calm word. With this in polemics, they often forget about those who are too far behind the Russian language and do not think of equivalents, being the only names of different realities (guess Pushkin: Ale pantaloni, tailcoat, vest - all of these words are not Russian ...). Відсутність наукового підходу до проблеми освоєння іншомовної лексики проявляється і в тому, що її вживання часом розглядається у відриві від функціонально-стильового закріплення мовних засобів: не враховується, що в одних випадках звернення до іншомовних книжкових слів стилістично не виправдане, а в інших обов'язково . to the fact that these words become an invisible part of the vocabulary, fixed for the singing style, which serves that other sphere of intercourse.
In different periods of development of the Russian language, the assessment of the penetration to new foreign elements was ambiguous. In addition, with the activation of the process of lexical zapozichay sing and protidium. So, Petro vimagav, in the light of his co-workers, writes “as if he understood”, not in maliciously non-Russian words. M. U. Lomonosov in his “theory of three calms”, seeing the words of different groups in the warehouse of the Russian vocabulary, leaving room for the post-Slovak mov. And while creating Russian scientific terminology, Lomonosov successively began to know the equivalents of the replacements of other terms, sometimes transferring similar insights from the language of science. A.P. Sumarokov, N.I. Novikov.
However, in the nineteenth century accents shifted. Representatives of the Karamzin school, young choli singers with Pushkin's zmusheni, fought for the lexicon of words on Russian soil, shards of stench inspired the advanced ideas of French enlightenment. Nevipadkovo tsar's censorship streaked these moving words, like a revolution, progress.
In the first years of the Radianian government, the most important cultural and educational leaders became the education of the broad masses of the people to knowledge, the liquidation of non-writing. In the minds of the great writers and the hromdsky dyachs hung out of the simplicity of the literary movement.
In our hour, food about dotsilnist vikoristannya later appears from the attachment of lexical features to the singing functional styles of the movie. Vzhivannya іnshomovnyh svіv, scho mayut zamezhena sphere of expansion, can be true to the reader's stake, stylistic belonging to the creation. Foreign terminological vocabulary is an indispensable feature of concise and accurate transmission in texts that are recognized for high fahivtsiv, or it can appear as an inexhaustible bar of understanding a popular science text by an unprepared reader.
The next vrakhovuvaty and what has happened in our hour of scientific and technological progress is a trend towards the creation of international terminology, the only names to understand, the phenomena of modern science, virobnitstva, which also shriveled up the positive words, as they took away the international character.
Food for self-verification
- What explains the improvement of Russian vocabulary in other words?
- What are the ways of penetration of lexical substitutions in Russian language?
- What lexical layers are seen by the Russian fallow in the context of the translation of words?
- What is the place for the Russian vocabulary to use old-slovakian words?
- How do Russian words get used to my language?
- For some phonetic and morphological examples, can you name the words of the Russian lexicon?
- What are tracing papers?
- How do you know about my Russian Kalik?
- What are the criteria for the introduction of foreign words into the language?
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24. Analyze the vocabulary of the text at a glance. See the inshomonic words that mark the steps of my assimilation of Russian language. Indicate old words'yanism. For suggestions, go to etymological dictionaries and dictionaries of foreign words.
The new façade of the Saltikovs' hut was carved out on the Field of Mars. Before the revolution, the present park, which had become a majestic square, where parades of the Guards Corps passed. Behind it one can see the gloomy Engineering Castle with its gilded spire. Narazi budіlya is covered with old trees. At Pushkin's clock, it was more than a dozen or three years old.
The façade of the embassy's bungalow has not yet been zipped with the fourth nadbudovoy on top.
On the Field of Mars, there is a great vіkon of the ambassador's large apartment, one of which has been mortgaged; last days right-handed and left-handed potryny. In the middle on top of the glass doors lead to the balcony, showing off the proportions of the Oleksandrovsky empire. Even more beautiful yoga massive chavun grati. Balcony was installed, ymovirno, in 1819 at the same time with the third top on the side of the Champ de Mars. ... Arriving to Leningrad, I asked permission to look around the third part of the third on top of the Institute of Culture.
Now here, basically, there is yoga library. Book wealth (nine over three hundred thousand volumes) is already tight in the suite of large rooms of Countess Dollars ...
The five apartments that overlooked the Champ de Mars are bright and always warm. And in the most severe frosts, it doesn’t feel fresh here. The Countess's lovers of the camellias and other flowers, perhaps, felt badly in these rooms to wind in the gloomy Petersburg winters. It was quiet there and Dar'ї Fyodorivna, as, as we know, in some waters she herself looked like a hothouse ticket.
In real terms, the Countess, having lived a lot of years in Italy, hired in the first years after her arrival in St. Petersburg, endured the winter frosts with great care. Privnichuvav її and the very arrival of the pivnіchnoy winter.
Having settled at the Saltikovyh's bungalow, she wrote down on the 1st day of the same 1829 year: “Today, having fallen the first snow - winter, as if it were three months in us, it hurt my heart to shrink: it’s hard to get drunk on the spirits of people, because today I’m so happy like mine, I have to fight all the time with my money and melancholy. I’m arguing for this, but I can’t think of anything here - the wine is beautiful in Italy, it’s bright, radiant, warm, that turned my first youth into a picture, fresh peace, calm and harmony. Vaughn threw a yoke like a bib on all my life, like a pass after her! Few people are sensible to me in this way, - but only a person, vihovana and rozvynuta on pivdnі, in a right way, scho such a life, and know all the beauty of it.
There is no word, young ambassador, like few people, she was able to be kind and love life. Tilki watched її - repeat once again - one-sidedly. So it was earlier, in Italy, and in the red vitality of the Saltikovsky boudinka, de, maybe, she was filling up the sides of her student ... But it’s important to walk around in these special rooms without praise. Imovirno, the stench is not less, the lower parade apartments of the embassy, buli tim, which it has long been customary to call the salon of Countess Fіkelmont, de, after the words of P.A. Vyazemsky, "and diplomats, and Pushkin were at home."
(N. Raevskiy.)
25. In the speeches of A. S. Pushkin’s works, one can see old-slovakism. Indicate their stylistic functions, name, possibly, Russian features.
1. Having swindled on someone else's plow, podkoryayuchi whips, here slavery is worse to drag along the strings of an unknowing sack. Here, a heavy yoke pulls everything to the point of trouble, one can’t bear courage and strength in one’s soul, here young girls bloom for a baganka of soulless recklessness. 2. Fear, O army of foreigners! Russia destroyed the blue; rising and old and young; fly on the brave ones, the hearts of them are set on fire. 3. I love crazy youth... 4. ... There, under the shadow of the wings, my young days raced. 5. Listen to my vague voice... 6. I don't want to kiss the mouths of young Armid with such torment, which trojans half-moonly deceive, which Persians, the rest of languor... 7. It's time to leave the tedious shore... 8. . ..Fields! I give you my soul. 9. Ale, thank God! live ty, neushkodzheny... 10. Hi, the tribe is young, unknown! 11. I have always respected you, we honor you, we are a good face ... 12. I have built granaries for them, I have opened gold for them, I know my work ... 13. Neither power, nor life can please me ... 14. is it true? - At the desert, far away from the vain voices, I didn’t suit you ... 15. I heard and heard - tears of fleeting licorice flowed.
Pohodzhennya Russian vocabulary.
Warehouse of vocabulary (spokonvіchna / zaposochena); warehouse of Russian vocabulary; advanced, development of advanced vocabulary.
Russian words can be divided into two great classes at a glance of their adventures: quiet, the back of power in Russian, and inshomovni, tobto. behind the Russian s іnshih mov. Cordoni between two classes of words can not be established exactly: deak words came into our language so long ago, it is important to resurrect them in the words of calm ones. So, for example, the word "bread" is more distant from the ancient one, but the Greek words: ogirok, lyalka, lazna.
Calmly Russian words
How are the words to be put up to spokonvichno Russian (zagalnoslov'yansky)? Zagalnoslovyanska vocabulary to become a great and diverse layer of words. Tse, for example: 1) name the parts of the human body and the body of creatures: head, lip, rіg, heart, throat that in.; 2) name the hour: day, evening, doba, autumn, year, century, month that in.; 3) words that mean the manifestations of that object of nature: storm, wood, whirlwind, frost, stone lake, river, forest that in.; 4) name roslyn: beech, birch, willow, linden, carrot, gorіh, garbuz, plum that in.; 5) domestic and wild creatures: beak, wil, dog, crow, hare, snake, fish, that in.; 6) name the expert and the objects of practice: oar, wind, lower, awl that in.; 7) acts of abstract naming: faith, will, guilt, mercy, death, work, honor that deakі in.; 8) name diy: lie down, miti smoktati, hotity ta in, 9) name the authorities: wise, cunning, warm that in.; 10) the sign of the month and the hour: there, de, vchora, povz that in.; 11) more unfavorable adopters: in, before, for, s, before, oh, at that in.; 12) splits i, a, ale, so, or that in.
Positioning at the warehouse of the Russian vocabulary
1. Cause late
Zovnіshnі reasons behind
1. The main reason is the positioning of the words at once from the positioning of speech and understanding. For example, with the appearance of such realities in our country, like car, conveyor, radio, cinema, TV, laser that bagatioh іnshih, the Russian mov got that yoga name. More behind the scenes related to the development of science, technology, culture, economics, virobnicheskih vіdnosin. A lot of these words should enter into life, and then spend their novelty and move into an active vocabulary stock. So it was in the 50s-70s. XX century a large number of terms appeared, related to the development of astronautics: cosmonaut, cosmodrome, space station, telemetry, spacecraft that in. Today, all words have become haunting.
2. The other reason for the position is the signification of the auxiliary word of a special kind of object. For example, for the recognition of the servant at the Russian hotel, the French was noticed. word porter for the identification of a particular variety of brew (in a thick homogeneous mass) - English. jam. The need for specialization of subjects and understand the knowledge of scientific and technical terms, rich in Russian knowledge: English. relevant - Russian. suttviy; lat. local - Rus. mіstseviy; lat. transformer - Rusyaviy. peretvoryuvach; lat. compression - Russian. grip; French pilot - Russian. twist too hard.
Internal causes behind
1. Tendency to replace the descriptive name with one-word names. For example: a sniper is a deputy of a good shooter, a tour is a deputy of a more expensive one along a circular route, a motel is a deputy of a hotel for autotourists, a sprint is a deputy of a big one at short distances.
2. Significantly easier in moving words with a singing morphological structure So, in the nineteenth century. the Russian language of the English boules was placed in the position of a gentleman and a policeman. Naprikintsi XIX - on the cob of the XX century. an athlete, a record holder, a yachtsman have reached them (what can be the significance of an individual and a burning element - men). In our days, similar words become relevant to a significant group: businessman, congressman, crossman and others.
3. Influx of foreign culture, fashion for foreign words. These are the words exclusive, price list, charisma, security, teenager and many others.
2. Formation of language vocabulary in modern Russian language
Positioning of the words of the yansky mov
In the midst of the Russian language behind the back, there is a particularly significant layer of old-slovak language - words that have gone into the old Russian language from the disputed old-slovak language (or church-slovak language) language. Old Slavonic Mova, created in the IX century, was my liturgical service and church books; Vіn becoming the first book-written word of mine. It is possible to recognize old-slovakianism for such signs:
a) the same ra, la, re, le in the root or prefixes with the calmly Russian words oro, olo, ere, olo, for example: hail - Rus. place, country - Rus. side, cold - rusyaviy. cold;
b) podednannya zhdpovіdno to spokonvichno rosіyskim zh: alien - rusyavy. stranger, clothes - nі rusyaviy. spacious-dialect selection;
c) a vociferous sound u svіdpovіdno to spokonvichno rosіyskoї year: visvіtlennya - rusyaviy. a candle that burns - Rusyaviy. hot, mіts - Rusyaviy. can;
d) pochatkov e with calmly Russian language about: unity, loneliness, unity - Rus. one, єsen - ryc. autumn.
Before the Russian language came the same words from the close words of the Yan language. From the Ukrainian side, for example, the names of bututy items were put forward: borscht, dumplings, dumplings, hopak. A few words came to us from the Polish language: place, monogram, zbrya, zrazi, gentry.
Positioning of non-Slovak language
In different epochs, starting from the VIII century. Russian my own words stood out for their own words, which won their win in yogic history. Scandinavian (Norwegian, Swedish): yakir, hook, gaff ta in Finno-Ugric: salmon, herring, shark, sedentary; tundra, snowstorm, dumplings that in. German (Danish, Dutch, Icelandic and International): sword, shell, cauldron, prince, boron, camel ta іn Türkskі (Movi Polovtsіv, Pechenіgіv, Khozar): prask, pennies, heel, treasure, guard, kaydani that in Gretska: cherry, likhtar, mathematics, philosophy, icon, gospel, chernets, monastir and many others. in Latin: student, audience, republic, revolution, constitution and many others. in Nimetsky: sandwich, capelyukh, package; accountant, promissory note, share, vіdsotok ta іn Before іnshomovnih zaposichen sіdnest not only okremi words, but also deyakі word-creating elements: walnut prefixes a-, anti-, archi-, pan-: immoral, antiperebudovny, archinelepiy, pan-German; Latin prefixes de-, counter-, trans-, ultra-, inter-: degradation, counterplay, trans-European, ultralivy, intervocalic; Latin suffixes -іzm, -іst, -or, -tor and ін: tailism, harmonist, combinator. Such prefixes and suffixes are of international extension.
3. Types of posterior vocabulary
All native vocabulary, which is used in Russian language, can be divided into two groups: I. Mastering the position; II. Unexplored positions: 1) exoticism; 2) inshomovnі blotches; 3) internationalism. Mastering- tse pozitshennya, like they came from the Russian language a long time ago and no longer accept like strangers. Such words have become "our own" for us, like a student, and a lot of others. and also understands the position, not mastered by the Russian language, as it is sharply seen and the nativeness of the Russian vocabulary. Sit in a special place among them exoticism- Words that characterize the specific features of the life of different peoples and get used in the descriptions of non-Russian activity. So, when depicting the people of the Caucasus, the words aul, saklya, dzhigit, arba and in. The other group of Russians who have not mastered it is put in the past with inshomonic interspersed: about "kay, merci, happy end. in our, ale and other language, living with them may be a long tradition, for example, Alma Mater (lat. university).
4. Modern signs of backward words
The middle phonetic sign of the backward words can be called like this.
1. On the vіdmіnu vіd spokonvіku rosіyskih slіv, yakі nіkoly not pochinayutsya zі sound [a] (which superchilo b phonetic laws of Russian language), behind the words mayut pochatkovo a: profile, abat, paragraph, aria, attack, lampshade, arba, angel, anathema.
2. Pochatkove e vіdrіznyaє overwhelmingly Greekism and Latinism (Russian words never start from this sound): epoch, era, ethics, іspit, razprava, effect, over.
3. The letter f also refers to the non-Russian dzherelo words, the shards of the similar words didn’t have the sound [f] and the visual graphic sign vikoristovuvavsya only for the recognition of yogo in post-positional words: forum, fact, likhtar, sofa, film, scam, form, aphorism, ether, profile toshcho.
4. When two and more voices in the word were unacceptable for the laws of Russian phonetics, the words are easily seen because of their peculiarities: sings, halo, out, theater, veil, cocoa, radio, punctuation.
5. A special phonetic sign of the words of the Turkic journey is the harmony of the same voices: otaman, caravan, olive, cherevik, screen, sundress, drum, mosque.
Among the morphological examples of the following words, the most characteristic is their immutability. So, deyakі іnshоmovnі іmenniki do not change after vіdmіnki, not mаyut spіvvіdnosnyh forms of one and many: taxi, kava, coat, beige, min, max and іn.
Enthusiasm...