Examples of animals of the tundra. Blueberries grow in the marsh. Flora in the permafrost zone

Due to the fact that there are several climatic zones and zones in Russia, the flora and fauna in them is also different. Most of the territory of our country is occupied by tundra. This is a zone of cold weather, strong wind, polar nights and days. The plants and animals of the tundra are well adapted to similar conditions that seem harsh to humans. This area has three subzones: arctic, typical lichen-moss and southern.

Vegetable world

Tundra is a treeless zone in which low, not entirely continuous vegetation grows. Its basis is moss and lichen. On their background, undersized flowering plants, such as grass and shrubs, are spreading. Their root system has a peculiarity: it develops in a small active layer.

No wonder the plants and animals of the tundra chose a habitat near the surface of the earth. For example, shrubs such as dwarf birch and willow, sometimes begin to rise above the snow, resulting in mechanical damage. Most often, they are caused by wind-blown snow masses. The main part of the plant lives in places where snow accumulation allows you to survive the winter conditions. Due to the fact that the snow melts slowly, the growing season is significantly delayed and the composition of the plants is more diverse. Along the settlements grow trees, reaching a height of two to two and a half meters. As we move to the north, the plant world will become poorer. However, closer to the shores of the Kara Sea there is a real kingdom of such an organism as a lichen. This hardy plant settles both on stones, and on trunks of bushes and trees. This is the most multi-species organism in the tundra. There are more than one hundred species of lichen. In such a zone as the forest tundra, there are about fifty-five thousand species of mushrooms. Sometimes some mushrooms reach one and a half kilograms of weight.

The plants and animals of the tundra and forest-tundra are well adapted to the harsh conditions. The forest-tundra is covered with sparse island forests, which are based on Siberian spruce, larch and birch. A characteristic feature of this zone is the presence of a large number of sphagnum peatlands, tundra-frozen marsh and gley-podzolic soils. Sod-meadow soils, which cover variegated meadows in the summertime, have spread among river channels. Here you can find buttercup, flame, valerian, berry. Both in summer and in autumn, meadows are an excellent pasture for deer, as well as an excellent habitat for birds and animals.

Beasts

Animals and plants of the tundra of Russia, in contrast to other climatic zones, are not distinguished by diversity. Despite this, you can meet nepugannyh wild animals: a wolf, wolverine, deer. Also in the tundra inhabit brown bears, moose, martens, ferrets, hares. The latter are not at all worried about the close presence of human civilization, and they calmly settled down at a distance of one to two kilometers from human settlements. At a distance of fifty-eighty kilometers from the city, you can see numerous herds of scared hares, who curiously stand on their hind legs, taking interest in visiting tourists. Arctic fox is widespread here, its main food is lemming. In spring, arctic foxes turn into real bird-nest destroyers, without disdaining both eggs and chicks.

Winged inhabitants of the tundra

Lakes, rivers and swamps of the tundra sheltered a large number of waterfowl. In the spring goose, duck, swan, and eider begin to nest here. The class of birds is also represented by the white-haired loon, the red-faced geese, Siberian Crane. For the winter, the white owl, partridge remain. Most of the birds leave the tundra for the winter, preferring milder conditions to the harsh winter.

Wintering

The plants and animals of the tundra, which remain for the winter, were able to adapt to the long cold weather. For example, arctic foxes, lemmings, white partridges burrow into loose snow. At the same time, they can move freely over compacted snow. Deer give preference to little-snowy areas, where the moss, which forms the basis of their food, easily reaches.

Colorful season

Tundra plants and animals come alive in the spring. Migratory birds return to their homeland. Loons, swans, ospreys, golden eagles, gray cranes, peregrine falcons, dupels and others fly back.

The abundance of flowering plants covering the earth with various colors is pleasing to the eye. Disclosed coltsfoot, dandelions, buttercups. Tourists, resting on the banks of rivers and lakes of the tundra, experience the aesthetic pleasure that brings plants and animals of the tundra. Photos on the background of this fabulous view are bright and unforgettable. The neighborhood of blue forget-me-nots, violet castile and dark blue gentian is striking. On all-terrain roads spread carpet of white cotton grass and cyanosis. The berries are striking in their diversity: cloudberries, lingonberries, blueberries, princes.

In the northern cold regions of the tundra with permafrost plants and animals adapted (adapted) to the low temperatures of the short growing season. Of great importance is the thickness of the snow cover, since windy, frosty winters can only survive under its protection. Large areas occupy the lottery.

Plants (flora) tundra

The vegetation of the tundra zone (flora) is very poor and is represented by mosses, lichens (the moss-lichen cover is widely represented), many-year-old and evergreen shrubs ( cowberry, blueberry, black and white, bearberry, cranberry), shrubs, low-growing shrubs, as well as perennial grasses and trees ( dwarf birch and and you). Low-growing plants, squat ( polar willow, dwarf birch), many species have creeping and pillow-shaped forms.

Vegetation is characterized by low-leveling. Often the upper tier is represented by herbs ( cereals and sedges), and the second shrubs ( wild rosemary), in the same plane with which - mosses and lichens.

In the tundra, sometimes there are fungi that are not-rarely above dwarf trees. Branched greenish gray lichen, which is not exactly called deer moss, forms a continuous cover. In the spring primroses and polar poppies. All plants have characteristic forms and properties that allow them to exist in a harsh climate. In the tundra vegetation dominated by elfin and cushion plants, the shape of which helps to use the heat of the soil surface and carry a strong wind. Due to the fact that summer is very short and the vegetative season is limited, most of the plants are perennial and even evergreen, for example, those mentioned cowberry and cranberry.

Trees did not spread due to low temperatures, permafrost, short growing season, and strong winds. The root system of plants develops in a thin surface infertile, often overmoistened layer and therefore penetrates the soil superficially.

Animals (fauna) of the tundra

The animal world of the tundra (fauna) is richer and more diverse than in the Arctic desert, but the vertical long-haul is very weak. Animal life is concentrated mainly in the soil-litter, terrestrial and shrub layers and is limited in time, for many of them, three or four months. Rivers and lakes are rich in fish. Tundra biological productivity is low. The initial annual production is from 1 to 5 t / ha. Material from the site

The animals of the tundra are represented by only a few species that have been able to live in harsh winter conditions; lemngi, arctic fox, reindeer , white hare, wolf , and white Owl, plover (fig. 119) and tundra partridge. In the summer there is a huge amount of migratory birds - geese, weft, waders, swans and loon (Fig. 120). The abundance of food in the form of berries, midges and mosquitoes creates favorable conditions for breeding chicks.

The vast majority of animals are active only in a short summer, and in the cold season they hibernate or migrate to more southern latitudes (migratory birds). Only a few of them: lemming, reindeer, hare hare, arctic foxes, white coupe-talk, polar owls - can be seen all year round.

This page contains material on topics:

Animals and plants of the tundra report
Abstract of the 4th grade plants and animals of the tundra message
Animal or Plant Tundra Report
Report on plants and animals in the tundra
Brief report on tundra animal

Questions about this material:

Issues for consideration:

1. The concept of the tundra. Climatic conditions.

2. Flora of the tundra.

3. Animal World tundra.

4. Forest tundra.

5. Protection of the tundra.

6. Classes of the population of tundra and forest-tundra.

1. The concept of tundra. Climatic conditions.

The tundra zone stretches along the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean, north of the Arctic Circle, descending to the coasts of the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk much further south. This is explained by the fact that in the west the climate of the tundra is softened by the influence of the Atlantic.

Tundra (from Finnish.tunturi - treeless bare hill) - treeless territory in the subarctic belt with short and cold summer, long and harsh windy winter. It covers an area of about 3 million km, stretching along the northern coast of North America and Eurasia with a continuous strip of width up to 500 km . Tundra is also found on some islands near Antarctica. In the mountains it forms a high-altitude landscape belt (mountain tundra).

Climatic conditions. Long winter with snow cover for 7-9 months. Frost up to - 50 ° C, strong snow storms, cold strong winds. In the middle of winter, the polar night lasts 2 months, the aurora erupts.

The summer is short and cool, frost and snow are possible, after the snow melt there is a strong waterlogging. The average temperature is + 5-10 ° C. The surface thaws half a meter deep, and then the permafrost. Despite the abundance of sunlight on the polar day, the heat in the summer in the tundra is not enough. The sun is low above the horizon, the sun's rays have to penetrate a large thickness of the atmosphere, so most of them are absorbed and scattered. Low evaporation and the presence of a layer of permafrost have led to widespread swamps.

At low temperatures, the presence of permafrost and excessive moisture, chemical and biological processes in the soil are difficult. The capacity of the soil is small, they contain little humus (2-3%). Due to excessive moisture in them bluish iron oxide builds up -gluetherefore they are called tundra-gley.
Types of tundra
Distinguish moss-lichen tundra, where green and other mosses alternate with lichens (the most important of them - moss, which feeds reindeer); shrub tundra, where thickets are widespread, especially yernik (polar willow, bush alder), and cedar elfin in the Far East. The landscapes of the tundra are not without diversity. Large spaces are occupied by hummocky and hilly tundra (where the turf forms hummocks and hillocks among the marshes), as well as polygonal tundra (with special microrelief shapes in the form of large polygons broken by frost cracks).

Permafrost affects the relief, since water and ice have different densities, as a result of which freezing and thawing rocks are subject to deformation.
The most common type of deformation of frozen soils is swelling associated with an increase in the volume of water during freezing. The resulting positive landforms are called bulging bumps. Their height is usually not more than 2 m. If the heaving mounds of heaving formed within the peaty tundra, they are usually called peaty mounds.

2. Flora of the tundra

The flora of the tundra is not rich, few plants have been able to adapt to unfavorable living conditions, and consist mainly of perennial plants (for a short northern summer annual plants do not have time to complete their life cycle), propagating by seed, but most of them are vegetative.

The main feature of the tundra is the forestless monotonous marshy lowlands in a harsh climate, high relative humidity, strong winds and permafrost. Plants in the tundra are pressed against the soil surface, forming densely intertwining pillow shoots. In winter, they are completely under the snow - they are not afraid of frost.

In addition to sparse moss-lichen vegetation (for example, moss – cladonium), perennial cold-resistant grasses (sedge, cotton grass, buttercups, dandelions, poppies, etc.) are widespread in the tundra. There are dwarf trees (dwarf birch, polar willow). Berry shrubs grow (cloudberries, blueberries, lingonberries.

The view of the tundra blooming in spring makes an indelible impression on the variety of colors and shades.

3. Animal World of the Tundra

The rather poor fauna of the tundra was formed during the period of glaciation, which determines its relative youth and the presence of endemics, as well as species associated with the sea (birds living in bird bazaars; the polar bear, the rookeries of pinnipeds).

Animals of the tundra adapted to the harsh conditions of existence. Many of them leave the tundra for the winter; some (for example, lemmings) are awake under the snow, others hibernate.

Arctic fox, ermine, weasel are widespread; there are wolf, fox, tundra hare; rodents - voles, lemmings.

Endemics of the tundra include: from ungulates - musk oxen and the long-domesticated reindeer; from birds - a white goose, a snowy, a peregrine falcon, a polar owl. There are numerous white and tundra partridges, horned lark, waders, ducks, turuhtans. Of the fish is dominated by salmon. Mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects are abundant.

Almost all the birds in the tundra arrive in the summer. They feed on plants and insects. Sea and freshwater birds - fish. To live constantly partridges and owls. In the Taimyr Peninsula livesred-breasted goose. The nests are laid at the nest of the peregrine falcon.

Nesting on small islands near Novaya ZemlyagagaAt first glance, they are not so easy to detect. They sit motionless on a nest, and their brown plumage merges with the general background of stony ground, covered with grass and creeping brown shrubs in some places. Gaga takes off from the nest, only when you approach it very close. In the nest, lined with a thick layer of fluff, are large white eggs. Eiderdown fluff is valued very highly, as it goes to warming clothes. These are small birds with short legs of bright red color, the tail is very long, in the autumn they fly south and make a route 20-30 thousand km long to the wintering place.

On the marshy coast of the mainland openly nestternsNesting can be seen from afar. A lot of long-winged birds hover above them, and their bustling rattle is heard. But it is better not to approach them. On the one who comes close to their colony, the birds boldly rush from the air and strive to hit the head with their beak.

White partridge - herbivorous. In summer it has brown plumage, and in winter it is white. The legs are covered with feathers to the very claws, which protects from the cold and allows you not to fall into the snow.

White Owl - predator. There are also feathers on the belly and legs, which allows you to sit in the snow for a long time. It hunts partridges, lemmings.

4. Forest Tundra

South of the tundra extendsforest tundra combining areas of tundra and forests in the subarctic belt of the Northern Hemisphere, North America and Eurasia. It extends from west to east with a width from 30 to 400 km forming a natural zone located between the tundra zone in the north and the taiga zone in the south.

The most important feature of this transition zone is the emergence of forest islands from spruce, larch and birch in the watersheds of the tundra and along the river valleys.

In the forest tundra, permafrost and permafrost forms of relief, as well as swamps and lakes, are widespread. For the animal world of the forest-tundra, wolf, ermine, wolverine, white hare, vole, etc. are common. Birds are very diverse: white partridge, geese, ducks, sandpipers, etc. The most important economically important animals are the reindeer eating moss, and dog breeds like

5. Protection of the tundra

A number of reserves and national parks have been created to protect and study typical and unique natural landscapes of tundra in North America and Eurasia: Lapland Reserve, Wrangel Island, Taimyr Reserve (in Russia) and Risitunturi (in Finland), etc. The name "Tundra" is preserved in some geographical names: Bolshezemelskaya tundra, Malozemelskaya tundra, Monchetundra and others. Tundra ecosystems are unsustainable and easily damaged, they are disturbed mainly as a result of anthropogenic influences (for example, from the movement of tracked vehicles that damage the grass)which leads to the degradation of landscapes, to the formation of subsidence and ravines, to a decrease in the quality of reindeer pastures.

Deer pastures shall be protected. It is known that moss grows very slowly for 10-15 years, therefore they only graze deer in certain areas.

Hunting foxes, ducks, partridges is limited.

Some animals of the tundra are listed in the Red Book: the polar bear, the red-breasted geese that lives on the Taimyr Peninsula, the peregrine falcon, the pink gull, the white crane (Siberian Crane).

6. Occupation of the tundra population

The population of tundra and forest tundra is few. The traditional occupations of the population are reindeer herding, fishing, and hunting of fur and sea animals. Deer and sled dogs are used as vehicles. In the tundra there live peoples: Evenki, Evens, Chukchi, Koryaks, Yukagirs, Eskimos, Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Komi.

Evenki and Evens (Tunguses) live on the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai and in Yakutia. Lead a semi-settled lifestyle. They are engaged in reindeer herding, hunting, partly fishing, marine hunting.

The Koryaks live in Kamchatka. The sedentary Koryak farm combined marine hunting, fishing, land hunting and gathering. The nomadic Koryaks (Chavchuvens) are characterized by large-scale reindeer herding with a herd of 400 to 2,000 heads. The winter and summer dwellings of the nomadic Koryaks were a frame portable yaranga. The predominant type of dwelling of sedentary Koryaks was a half dugout up to 15 meters long, up to 12 meters wide and up to 7 m . At the beginning of the 19th century, log huts of the Russian type appeared under the influence of Russian settlers.

Yakuts (Sakha) also live in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the Magadan, Sakhalin and Amur regions. Yukagirs live on r. Kolyma.

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL

NORTHERN DEER (Rangifer tarandus) is the only species of the hoofed mammal of the reindeer subfamily (Rangiferinae). The reindeer subfamily belongs to the deer family (Cervidae) and includes a single genus and species of reindeer. Until the mid-20th century, it was believed that there were several species of reindeer. This view is common among modern scholars. Some authors in North America distinguish two, and sometimes more species. Most scientists agree that the reindeer forms 12-15 subspecies, including 5-7 subspecies in Russia. Separately allocate domestic reindeer. Reindeer connections to other deer are not clear. This is a peculiar species that developed at the beginning of the Pleistocene and finally formed in the middle of this period.

The body length of the reindeer is 150–220 cm, height at withers - 80- 150 cm, weight up to 220 kg . The coat in winter is thick, with a well-developed undercoat, light with dark variegations. On the neck is formed mane. In summer, the fur is short, brown with various shades of gray. The horns of the males, unlike other members of the family, are the same as those of the females. Two middle fingers carry wide hooves. Lateral fingers with hoofs touch the ground when walking. Fingers are mobile and widely moved apart, allowing animals to move on friable snow and swampy marshes.

Reindeer live in the arctic and taiga zones of the Old and New Worlds (to the south to about 50 about with. sh.) and on a number of polar islands. They inhabit the forest-tundra, taiga and high-mountain areas of some mountain systems (Sayan Mountains, Altai), preferring open landscapes everywhere. In Russia, the most numerous Taimyr reindeer population. In the summer, the deer feed on grass, leaves of various plants, berries and mushrooms, and in winter - a moss tree, which is dug up by hooves from under the snow, and lichens growing on trees. The reindeer gon runs from mid-October to mid-November, when deer are still holding large herds of 150-200 heads, among which there may be about 10 adult males. Gradually, with one male, a harem of 3-12 females is formed, and the herds are divided into separate groups. With females, the last year's young still continues to hold, so that the total number of animals in a group can reach two or three dozen. Calving occurs in May - June - the female brings one calf, which feeds with milk until late autumn. Males shed their horns after rutting, females after calving, by August they will grow new horns.

In the autumn, the deer begin to migrate to the south - from areas of moss-lichen tundra to woodlands and northern taiga, where in winter it is easier to get food. The length of their migration routes can be 300-500, and sometimes 700- 800 km - These are the longest regular migrations among land mammals. Autumn migrations of deer from our north take place from September to November. North American deer (caribou) migrate from the tundra to the forest zone in October-December. Reindeers return to the tundra in May. The first are the flocks of pregnant females and young animals, followed by the males. On their way, they often have to overcome water obstacles that reindeer swim (even such wide ones as the Yenisei or fjords several kilometers long). Reindeer - both wild and domestic - plays a huge role in the lives of the peoples of the North.

PESETS (Alopex lagopus), a predatory mammal of the wolf family.

Signs:Body length 50–65 cm to 75 cm, tail 35–50 cm; weight 2–9 kg (usually approx. 6 kg ). Height at withers is ok 30 cm . Slightly smaller and stockier than ordinary fox. The fur in winter is fluffy, snow-white or in a few (blue foxes) of various shades - from sandy to dark gray with a bluish glow. In the summer, the fur is a dirty brown color from above, yellowish gray below. In the offseason, faded foxes look spotty. Arctic foxes can bark like dogs. During the hunt, you can hear frequent, staccated yap.

Habitat:The Arctic fox lives in the tundra and forest tundra of Eurasia and North America: Scandinavia, northern Siberia, Alaska, Northern Canada, Greenland, Fr. Svalbard, Novaya Zemlya. But on the mainland it is rare, it is more common on the Arctic islands. Live at the edge of the ice.

Lifestyle:Like the common fox, the arctic fox digs burrows in suitable soil, most often in clayey hills, protruding from the permafrost layer, or arranging a den in rock crevices and under large boulders; often several holes nearby. Takes them alternately. In good times, when there is a lot of food, 3 or more burrows settle in and a small colony of arctic foxes is formed. But as a rule, couples stay apart.

Nutrition: Arctic foxes are omnivores and little picky. In the arctic desert, poor in animal food, he has to use every opportunity. An important role in fox feeding is played by small mammals, such as lemmings, which he catches himself. In addition, he eats the corpses of birds, eggs and chicks from nests located on the ground, all that brings the sea to the shore. Finally, the menu completes the excrement of deer and polar bears. He eats even marine mammals, giants compared to him; of course, if given the opportunity. Tracking down rare human settlements in search of food. You can meet on drifting ice floes. But the competitor to the polar bear in relation to food is not. The population size is subject to significant fluctuations depending on the abundance of feed, in search of which foxes can make long-distance migrations. Arctic foxes behave like dogs in search of food, and in the villages where people live, they are not loved for audacity and insolence. In an instant, they will drag off any thing that smells like something edible, even if they cannot eat it later.

Reproduction: For settlements during the breeding season, arctic fox prefers rugged terrain, where it is possible to dig holes in the frozen northern soil. Arctic foxes often use the same places to dig holes for thousands of years. Usually, arctic fox forms permanent pairs. Gon begins in April, the duration of pregnancy is about 50 days. Females are very fertile - usually bring about 10, but sometimes more than 20 puppies,month feeds them milk.Puppies develop very quickly.After 2 weeks they open their eyes, and after 3-4 months they become independent. After a year, they enter puberty. Life expectancy is up to 10 years.Arctic fox is subject to frequent epizootics. This is the central object of fur trade and fur farming, especially blue fox. The subspecies of the arctic fox living on the island of Mednoy, the Commander Islands, is protected.

Enemies: With the exception of man, foxes play no role for enemies. Populations regulate severe winter and food availability. Numerous offspring again make up for losses, and even a person has not been able to still have any influence on the population size.

Lemming, a group of mammals of the vole subfamily, includes four genera and about 20 species (including common, ungulates, forest lemmings). The most common genus of common lemmings (Lemmus) with subspecies - Norwegian and Siberian. Body length 15 cm, tail up to 2 cm . Biologically, all forms of common lemmings are similar. The only exception is the Amur form, which lives in unusual conditions for other forms of the taiga zone.

Signs: Body length 13-15 cm , the tail is short, 1,5- 2 cm, weight 35-100 g . The shape resembles a vole, but differs from it by the colorful fur, yellow-brown with black spotted pattern. Cubs are lighter than adults. Sounds; squeak, yelp or grunt.

Habitat: Common lemmings are common in forests and tundra of Eurasia and North America.They prefer swampy or peaty soils with short-grass vegetation. The number greatly increases in the "lemming years". Then the Norwegian lemming can be found outside the range.

Lifestyle: Active day and night, lemming builds a long, often highly branched system of moves under moss and stones, and in winter and under snow cover. These moves lead to nests built of grass and moss.. In addition to closed burrows, they pave open trenches, eating away all the vegetation along them.Winter stocks do not, every 3-4 years the number of lemming increases greatly. Under favorable conditions, this leads to the appearance of such a mass of animals that they either die from hunger or are forced to migrate. Then crowds of migratory animals cross rivers and bays. Lemmings are able to swim well and are not going to voluntarily drown in the sea, as stated earlier. It is possible that many of them will drown if they are blown away to the open sea.

Nutrition: They feed on grass, berries, bark, roots; active all year.

The abundance of food and its good quality obviously influence the mass reproduction.

Reproduction: Reproduction begins long before the ground surface is cleared of snow, and ends already under a layer of new snow. The gestation period lasts 20-22 days. In one litter 3-9, usually 5-6 cubs. For the year, the female brings at least 3-4 litters. Young very quickly mature, probably before the beginning of the third month of life, and immediately begin to reproduce. But they are then 2-3 times smaller than their parents. With such an intensity of reproduction, the number in a short time increases many times and reaches a peak, at which the number of individuals per unit area increases by tens and hundreds of times. Peak is followed by rapid extinction. Such ups and downs in numbers are repeated at lemmings regularly.

During periods of abundance, mass distant migrations occur. Tens and hundreds of thousands of lemmings (mostly young males) walk many tens of kilometers in search of new places of residence. Without gathering into dense flocks, lemmings move in short runs in one direction, overcoming various obstacles along the way, including reservoirs - lakes and wide rivers with fast flowing. A lot of animals perish during the migration period.Lemmings can be carriers of pathogens of a number of viral diseases. These animals are the main food of the arctic fox.

Other types of European North:

Forest Lemming.

Signs: It looks like a Norwegian lemming, but much smaller than it and monochrome, gray with a reddish tinge on the back.

Habitat: Forests with a distinct layer of moss in northern Scandinavia.Lifestyle:Periodic mass breeding, usually every 10 years; the rest of the behavior and lifestyle is the same as that of the previous species; less prone to migration.

Hoofed lemming.

Signs: It is similar in size and appearance to the previous species, only its fur is reddish-brown and is interrupted by a white stripe on its neck. Unlike other European lemmings, the hoofed lemming changes color and becomes completely white in winter. This adaptation to habitat.

Habitat: The tundra and forest-tundra of Northern Asia and the grassland vegetation. From here, this species constantly with floating ice migrates to Svalbard.

Lifestyle: Since the density of the population is subject to very strong fluctuations, the way of life of the mass population of lemmings is very different from those living alone. If at a small number the animals are timid and closed, then at a high population density, they openly go outside and become prey to many enemies.

Lesson - a journey for preschoolers

Prepared by the kindergarten teacher "Forest Fairy Tale" Desnogorsk .

Bogatko Nadezhda Mikhailovna.

"Animals and plants of the tundra"

purpose : To acquaint children with animals and plants of the tundra.

South of the Arctic desert is the tundra. Cold climate

defines here the predominance of moss, lichen, herbaceous plants and shrubs. Plants tundra pressed to the ground. There are undersized shrubs: blueberries, crows, lingonberries, wild rosemary. Typical inhabitants of the tundra - deer, wolves. Foxes, arctic foxes, lemmings, as well as extensive bird markets.

Reindeer

Reindeer has a good

fur cover throughout the year

It is updated twice. These animals have wide hooves that allow them not to fall through the snow. Deer live where there is a lot of moss and alpine herbs that make up their food.

In the summer, many species of plants eat deer, and in winter, mostly lichens. They also feed on grass, leaves, mushrooms, berries.

Arctic fox

Arctic fox is a tundra resident. Highly

looks like a fox, but a bit smaller. The soles of the fox's paws are covered with tough thick fur that protects the animal from frostbite when moving on ice and snow. Arctic foxes live in burrows underground. Here they breed. In the summer, Arctic foxes live on the surface of the earth. Almost all day and night looking for food. Autumn and winter on

hunt out at night. Main food

Pests - lemmings. Also

they can eat berries

eggs of birds, mollusks, sea urchins,

discarded by the sea wave .

Lemming

Lemming is a rodent that looks like a hamster.

These are the most numerous inhabitants of the tundra.

Lemmings live in the nests of snow, which they line with dry grass and moss. Lead a single lifestyle. Only in the winter, to escape from the cold, they gather in one nest. It feeds mainly on mosses, lichens, sedges. shrubs.

Birch tree

dwarf .

It is a deciduous undersized branchy shrub. Height - from 20 to 100 cm. The leaves of the plant are round. Like a real birch, a dwarf birch has earrings.

The plant is common in the Arctic