The Ear of Another Punic War

Throughout the winter, after the conquest of Sagunta, preparing to march to Italy and destroying the army from New Carthage, the Roman ambassadors, sent to Carthage to stop the war, were forced to return to Rome. It is already clear that the Romans can overcome Italy. It may have spiraled heavily into Italian places and lands, and if the gifts to Rome were stolen by its Italian subjects, it could have been so little on its own, just as Carthage suddenly had a enemy the army in Africa and the rise of the subordinate peoples. In addition, Hannibal might be willing to win over part of the Italians from the Other Punic War, and in this way would not weaken the forces of Rome, and turn them against the Romans. For the invasion of Italy, Hannibal Mav, instead of the clearest and most powerful sea route, turned unfailingly along the coast, through Galia, at that time the harbor on the Italian birch was accessible to the Carthaginian ship m. More than once, having sent the heads of the pens and after the defeat of Galy and P'emont, to various Gallic peoples, to negotiate with them about the passage of the Carthaginians through their lands and the exploration of roads many passages through the Alps. When crossing the cordon of Spain, Hannibal's army consisted, according to historians, of 50 thousand troops, 9 thousand horses and 37 elephants. Otherwise, among 15 thousand, Hannibal deprived his brother of command Gazdrubala in Spain, over 11 thousand, under the leadership Hanno, roamed in the Pyrenees Mountains to protect their passages

Another Punic War began with Hannibal's transition from New Carthage through Spain, through Gaul and the Alps to Italy. We must wait until the greatest events in history. The passage through the most inhospitable regions and the Volodin of the savage, warlike peoples, formations without maps and an accurate knowledge of the localities that one had to go through, having lived happily for five months. Already in Spain, Hannibal’s army was overshadowed by various tribes from the same part of the region, in one part of Gaul it was not enough to pave the way through an armored path, and in the Alps, the You had to endure cold weather and snow In, it will be terribly difficult to cross the Girsky ridge, which has never been crossed before. roads, and at the same time fight against the strong Georgian peoples who attacked the Carthaginian army and retraced it. We will not describe the path of Hannibal, who, having started another Punic war, soon having erased all traces of his campaign, the very authorities of these lands have changed so much that they no longer agree on their thoughts about the place, The Carthaginians passed through them. For the rest of the time, many people were busy following up Hannibal's route through the Alps to the beginning of the Other Punic War. It is still unknown whether crossing through the Little Saint-Bernard, Mont-Genevre or through any other pass of the French-Sardinian Alps. The difficulties associated with the passage of the Carthaginians through the lands of the enemy peoples in Spain, through the Pyrenees, Galiya and Alpine snows and gorges, can best be explained by the fact that Hannibal continued the transition from Pirines before Roni, having spent 13 thousand people, and after Roni to the Italian foothills of the Alps - 20 thousand, and the reach of Italy is only 26 thousand, which is less than half of its territory. Some of the elephants taken from the campaign perished in France and the Alps, and others in Upper Italy.

The first battles of the Other Punic War - under Ticinus and Trebbia

At Rome they conveyed the possibility of the transition made by Hannibal, and finally decided to postpone the Other Punic War to Africa and Spain. One of the consuls, Titus Sempronius Long, sending 160 military ships and 26 thousand troops to Sicily in order to land in Africa, the other consul, Publius Cornelius Scipio, with 24 thousand having sailed by sea to Spain, the third army, which consisted of 19 thousand, was sent under the praetor’s wire to Upper Italy, to guard the closely rooted Gauls. Scipio swam, call the ancients, from two shores and already reached Massilia (Marseilles) at the same hour as Hannibal was preparing to cross the Rhone. Having learned about this, Scipio immediately rushed to his army’s tip in order to cross his crossing, rather than catching Hannibal, because the Carthaginian commander, reports of the approach of the Roman army, hastened his revolution and beat the Romans for three days. It was impossible to chase after him; having sent part of the army, accompanied by his brother, Gniya Cornelius Scipio In Spain, Scipio put the city on trial and hastened with him to Upper Italy, so that at once, with the corral opened there, he would attack the Carthaginians, as soon as the stench descended from the Alps. Vin joined forces with Hannibal at the bottom Titsina, near Ticino. The resentment of the commanders with impatience awaited his first battle of the Other Punic War: Scipio took out insurance on the new one in order to eliminate the Gauls from the alliance with the Carthaginians, who later asked Hannibal about the invasion of This is my land, and Hannibal wants to enter the battle before arriving at Scipio. From Rome, so that I can get through it more easily. Happiness was given to the Carthaginian commander. At the Battle of Ticinia, the Romans were defeated and defeated and marched beyond the Po River. Some of the Gauls secretly entered into an alliance with the Carthaginians.

News of the outbreak of Another Punic War and the possible appearance of the Carthaginian army in the tenderly conquered land of the Italian Gauls spread the greatest fear in Rome; The Senate promptly returned another consul sent to Africa. Simpronius, who had already been near Sicily, hastily destroyed his comrade at the beginning of Italy and, having landed on the shore, met his comrade at the river Trebbia. The hot-blooded women are expected to survive in battle. Another Great Battle Another Punic War took place during the Trebbia and ended with the complete defeat of both consuls, who recognized the great losses that had been slain. Victory in the Battle of Trebbia gave Hannibal the opportunity to stand on a firm foot in Upper Italy and prompted all the Gallic peoples to join him. The Roman people, loudly announcing the victory of Hannibal, did not waste any energy, but instead hastened to become angry and prepare for the confrontation. The Senate formed a new army, sending ships to protect the shores of Sicily, Sardinia and Italy and controlling military stores in various points of the northern part of Central Italy.

Main battles of another Punic war

Battle of Lake Trasimene

Hannibal, on his own side, was also preparing to vigorously continue another Punic war. After their other victories, they settled down in winter quarters, daring, at the onset of spring, to invade Etruria as soon as possible. To what extent were they particularly driven towards the wild Gallic tribes, who did not want to submit to any order, did not show any interest in the other Punic War, which took place in the interests of others , and even fewer were able to feed the Carthaginian army on their land and on Vlasny Rakhunok. When the stench began to express their dissatisfaction, Hannibal began to sing, so as not to spare himself their help. Moreover, even before the end of the war, fate had destroyed all the way to Etruria, where the Romans sent two armies, under the command of two new consuls. Gniya Servilia Geminaі Guy Flaminia Nepota(R. 217 BC).

At that time, three roads led from Upper Italy to Etruria. One of them was too far for Hannibal, occupying the other Servilia, the third Flaminia, and then Hannibal chose the fourth route, through one of the most unhealthy places in Italy. This transition came at a cost of great expenses and he himself spent the burning of one eye, then started with the consuls, victory over which was easier and before that only one. This was the consul Flaminius, who, being a tribune of the people, passed the law on the distribution of lands to the detriment of the aristocrats Senonov. Throughout his entire life, he was at the mercy of noble nicknames, gradually becoming aware of his constant struggle against them, and demanding his consular dignity, which was also inspired by the fight against the greed of the common people. . Unable to bestow upon the commander-in-chief, he could not fight such a master commander of the Other Punic War as Hannibal. The majority of the Roman army's troops remained in captivity until their famous names and, however, due to their insanely subordinate will, the commander-in-chief could not be released. In addition, fearing that the aristocrats, through auspices and other ceremonies that were entirely in the hands of the Senate, would not violate the recognition of their sworn enemy by the military commander, Flaminius, upon accepting consular status And, having learned the basic religious rites and thus breaking the legends on their business. Find Flaminius, an extremely hot-tempered and impatient man, who has little to do with the extremely cunning and careful Hannibal. Considering all these circumstances, we understand that the third great battle of the Other Punic War ended with a terrible defeat of the Romans Lake Trazimenskogo(Lago de Perugia). Hannibal completely departed and blamed everything on Flaminia. Having perished in great strength at the Battle of Lake Trasimene, the other Romans were captured (217 BC).

Quint Fabius Maxim Kunktator

Having achieved victory at the end of several marches to Rome, Hannibal still did not dare to attack the place itself; He knew well the strength of the Romans and their intelligence, so that the best result of the attack would not be possible for any new fruitful inheritance. In this manner, instead of heading straight to Rome, they would carry out the other Punic War in Umbria, and proceed, through the lands of the Martians, Marucini and Peligonians, to Apulia, Lower Italy, , according to his plan, to destroy the roots of the war against the Romans them the Italian peoples. The Romans retired to death because they lived only in extreme cases: the stench took over the dictator. So yak by the cause of the All -University of Romans at the other punichy boule hawl gruyachist consulled Ostannіkh Rockiv, I now stood up by the UDNNYA Skorista Skoristay, then the Romans turned the dictator of the old, pre -divided that outfit Quinta Fabia Maxima, nicknamed God for his extreme care Cunctator(Tobto zvolikachem). You know the surest way to overcome Hannibal's strength: not by engaging in frontal battles with your enemy, but by steadily following him, scratching his skin and trying to spare his food, Quintus Fabius Cunctator I tired Ganinbal with transitions. The tactics adopted from the Other Punic War by the Cunctator put Hannibal in a difficult position. The Carthaginian commander, thinking of weakening Rome, ordered defeats and was thrown out of the new Italy. Fabius Cunctator encouraged him to come up with this plan. Unfazed by all the promotions and proclamations, in which Hannibal sang that he had only come to Italy to free himself from the Roman yoke, the Italian peoples did not fall under Rome. However, Hannibal, before his new significant victory over the Romans, was able to gain the allies of Italy; It was neither the wine itself, nor the impatience of the Roman army that made it impossible for the Cunctator to issue a decisive battle against the Scarthaginians. This victory was achieved during his time by the impatient chief of the ranks Minucius Rufus And although the enthusiasm and impatience of the people of that war increased, it did not steal away the firmly accepted attitude. After six months, Fabius took over dictatorial power, because, due to Roman laws, she could not be bothered for a long time; The senate ordered the two consuls, who had taken command of the troops from the Cuntator, not to enter into the system of the great dictator. So it passed, without a decisive battle, even before the rivers of the Other Punic War, and the Romans reached the mark that they threw at the election of Fabius Cuntator: Hannibal did not manage to gain the trust of the Italians, in Rozrakhov deprive yourself of your strength and the need to support the war with a grabber, Every day, becoming more and more hated by the very things you want to get on your side.

Another Punic War. Map

Battle of Cannes

The coming fate (216 BC) was organized by the consuls and military commanders Gaius Terentius Varroі Lucius Emilius Pavlo. Paul, due to his character, was most likely to be able to cope with the Other Punic War, however, the consul’s choice of the light-hearted Varro became the respectful pardon of the Romans. The Roman armies were extremely strengthened so that the battle general could be found at the first blow; However, it would be possible to become obsessed with him in no other way than out of great familiarity and only for the most favorable circumstances. The army of both consuls consisted of 80 thousand people and 6 thousand leaders, while Hannibal had more than 40 thousand people and 10 thousand people. Having delved into the current state of justice and having discussed them sensibly, Emilius Pavlo did not want to easily point out the insecurity of the defeat of the rest of the world, as Italy would have liked to argue, revealed by parts of the Roman sets and the troubling devastations of Hannibal. It is time for us to continue another Punic war behind the system of Quintus Fabius. Ale Varro, not afraid to become inactive in the presence of such a dreary army, won the battle and thus gained more trouble for his comrade, not even Hannibal himself. The cunning Carthaginian, who always had a good understanding of the character of his opponents, was quickly overcome by the reckless boasting and recklessness of Varro. Since the consuls today were in charge of the army, Hannibal and the Romans announced that day, if Varro was the commander-in-chief. The rest of us accepted the wiki. This fourth - and most tragic - battle of the Other Punic War, which took place in Apulia, Cannes, in the locality, even handy for the Carthaginian film, ended in a terrible defeat for the Romans. Hannibal, who was rich in size and numbers for the Roman Empire, having dismantled his army in the Battle of Cannae with a wondrous miracle, miraculously acknowledging the diversity of the peoples who formed his army, and Their heterogeneity was introduced and thus saved the Romans from benefiting from the fact that they could have seen them twice. The Romans lost over 50 thousand at the Battle of Cannae, both during the battle itself and immediately after, many died from wounds and up to 10 thousand were taken in full. The consul Emilius Pavlo was among the killed, not wanting to survive this unfortunate day and dying in battle with the enemy. Comrade, yo Varro has lost his sleeping share. Hannibal's losses in the Battle of Cannae amounted to up to six, and in other cases, up to eight thousand men.

The Battle of Cannae was accompanied by all the remains that could be recovered from such a terrible defeat. Many people in Rome itself knew that the Friar Punic War was now lost. As the news spread about the victory of the Carthaginians, the Samnites and perhaps all the peoples and lands of lost Italy fell to the Romans and pledged their services to Hannibal. However, it was a cruel blow that he caught the Romans at Cannae without damaging their power. Hannibal wanted to quickly return to his happiness, but lost himself as a stranger to the peoples of the island; The Italians were bound together by some kind of marital ties, but the Italian Greeks could not be trusted, and the day of victory at Cannes brought the Carthaginian commander more glory, less benefits. On the other hand, the image of the actions of the Romans during the protracted Another Punic War, unfazed by the adversity they had experienced, was exhilarated by the same firmness and calm that they had often seen in the face of the greatest dangers . Having collected the surplus of their army, numbering 10 thousand, they collected for the formation of new armies of the dictator, they called to the lava of all the youth of Rome and Latium and, taking from the temples various trophies that had long hung in them, enriched them with 8 thousand slaves. In order to calm the common people and encourage the continued continuation of another Punic War, the Roman Senate decided to go to the extent of cruel, long-forgotten human victims and ordered that several of them be buried alive in the ground on the square. The most important thing was that the Romans, after the Battle of Cannae, did not join the Carthaginians at the battle, but were still trying to take all the powers from the enemy before the war began, searching at the same time in Sicily Spain has new forces to fight . Thus, at the onset of the Friend, the Punic War took on a completely different character. The theater of military actions was Sicily and Spain; in Italy, the Romans did not respect the daily decisive rule, boring Hannibal with insignificant matters. They kept trying to press and turbulently, cruelly punished the places and lands that fell and again submitted to them, and in those of them, who were still fighting, they set up their garrisons, making everyone in such a manner impossible try until you get up.

Another Punic War in Sicily

In Upper Italy and Sicily, the Punic War was also far from the best for the Romans; The Roman armor was no longer happy in Spain. In Upper Italy, the praetor, messages for the root of Cisalpine Gaul, perished with all his army, unharmed after the Battle of Cannae, and in Sicily the Romans lost their faithful ally. With the help of the Syracusan tyrant Hiero II, the greatest ally the Romans had ever had, they repelled all attacks of the Carthaginian fleet during the hour of the Other Punic War. In order to help the Romans with bread and money, Hiero donated to them most of the treasures he bought. Shin Yogo, Gelon, trying to break up the difficult alliance with the Romans, which in essence was a subordinate, and succumbed to the Carthaginians. The welding between father and son is not a small legacy, as the stench of resentment died one day after another, and at the very outbreak of the Other Punic War, the small Syracusan power fell to the sons of Gelon. Hieronim, an early disgraced young man who ascended the throne fourteen years ago (215 BC). His late grandfather designated three uncharitable and cruel people as guardians of the young sovereign. Two of them remained before the Carthaginian party, and the third Trason was given to the Romans. Hieronim himself is not even talking about politics, but willingly engages in speeches of a completely different kind: indulging in empathetic satisfaction, with the self-control of the despot, we transcend all reasoning, and only joke about the bliss and richness, at this time Yes, Deed lives as a private person and is not a member of the guards, I don't believe it. The king’s followers, who formed the Carthaginian party, tried to get us to help Trason first, and, having called him in the battle, for the predatory evidence of one evildoer, they removed him from participation in the government. After that, they decided to continue the other Punic War in alliance with Hannibal, who would send the rightful followers to Sicily. Two of them, natives of Syracuse, Hypocratesі Epikid, seemed to add a great influx to the young king, who was only thinking about the satisfaction of his primhs, making friends with a public woman and feeling like the worst court bastard. They persuaded the reckless youth to enter into an alliance with the Carthaginians and take part in the war, but in the thirteenth month of his reign, Hiero was killed by one of his guards, who, having carried out the massacre, called on the Syracusans to restore republics The citizens inherited his call, but the restoration of freedom would only lead to the destruction and struggle of the Carthaginian party with the Roman one. A dozen ambitious people wanted to quickly join the government, but destroyed the rebellion of the common people, in which both the right and the wrong, however, fell victims to savage ferocity and cruelty. On the crooked corpses it settled - at the most critical moment of the Other Punic War - reckless democracy, which, as a result, led to military despotism. Having established Hippocrates and Epicyds behind a new crooked revolution, they reached the supreme power and confirmed it for themselves by helping the common people and hiring troops.

Immediately after the death of Hieronim, the Romans sent the shortest of their current generals to Sicily against the new republic, Mark of Claudius Marcellus . Having immediately entered into negotiations, but if the presentation of Epicyds and Hippocrates destroyed any hope of an alliance between Syracuse and Rome, Marcellus approached the city with the army and began the taxation (214 BC). The Carthaginians sent an army to the aid of Sicily, and the Romans became embroiled in a new important war, which was immediately responsible for waging another Punic war in Italy with Hannibal and places that had arrived before nogo. On top of the river Marcellus, it flowed in the vicinity of the Sicilian Syracuse (214-212 BC). The natural development of the place, whose strength and masterly cultivation of value and the result of the mathematics of Archimedes, to whom the work of Syracuse brought immortal fame - all made the taking of the place absolutely impossible. Marcellus was anxious to lift the tax and, having been surrounded by one blockade, tried to take the place by joy, but the destruction of the dissatisfied Syracusans was abandoned, and sixty giants, who fought against the enemy, paid for it with their own life Marcellus had lived through the Syracuse River for another whole river, without any hope of success, so he could not get out of the place of delivery of natural supplies from Carthage, and only a new plague and especially now A quick change of circumstances gave him the opportunity to become a young man (RUR 212 to R . X.). ), which significantly relieved Rome from fighting Another Punic War. Syracuse was given over to the soldiers for plunder, not only because of the brutality and rudeness of the Roman commander, but also because of his policies. Having ordered the inhabitants to be spared, many of them, regardless of his order, became victims of the disobedient Roman soldiers. Among the murdered were, to the great pity of Marcellus, and Archimedes, who, regardless of their military yaks, were inspired by laziness, the noble rank of thoughts and love to the sciences and enlightenment. They say that when the Roman soldiers made it to the site, Archimedes was completely buried in his mathematical work, without noticing what was happening on the streets. One of the soldiers who robbed Syracuse escaped to his room at the very hour when the mathematical figure was sitting on the sand. The mathematician was just surprised by the soldiers shouting: “don’t trample the chair,” and at that very moment he was stabbed to death. The image of the Romans at the hour of the capture of Syracuse, as they sing, turning over the water of the image of the battlements, buried by them throughout the year at the center of world trade - Carthage. The conquest of Syracuse is important not only as part of the history of the Other Punic War, but also for the history of myths, because from this place a lot of artistic creations were brought to Rome. From the fall of Syracuse the city of Sicily fell to the Romans.

Another Punic War in Spain – Scipioni

At the hour when Sicily was again conquered by Carthage, the other Punic War in Spain also took a completely different turn. The rotten Cornelius Scipio, on the beginning of another Punic war, messages from the fleet and the army to Spain, and his brother, Publius Cornelius Scipio, who, at the onset of the next war, acted over extremely happily against the Carthaginians and their allies, commanded by Hannib's brothers. , Gazdrubalі Magon. Even at the beginning of the Another Punic War, the Scipios subjugated the entire region between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River, confirmed the Romans’ pandemonium on the sea and, as a result, they stifling, they destroyed a lot of tribes before the union with Rome. For six whole years there was a bloody war in Spain, both between the Tubilians themselves, and between the Romans and Carthaginians. However, other details of this part of the Other Punic War are not included until the end of the story, for which the result is more important. The Romans gained superiority on land and at sea, and the successes of the Carthaginians in conquering Spain exposed all their treasures, just as Rome had previously exhausted its forces in the fight against Hannibal for Italy, and after that Hann I tried not to withdraw as much help as I could from Carthage, not a penny. neither ships, nor military. Having conquered Sicily by Marcellus, the Romans were in danger of losing all their conquests to Spain. Having relied on their allies, the Scipioni took offense at their business and, having spent most of their troops, they themselves wasted their lives. He became the leader of the unconquered warrior and the leader of the Roman revolution in Spain. Marcy, which the Roman army, after the death of both commanders, gained a large army. Marcia, having earned more, could find himself in such a twisted state. Not only did he spoil the successes of the Carthaginians on the Spanish front of the other Punic War, but with his insignificant victories he once again awakened the Romans to great self-conceit, so that he was able to convey to his attacker, sent from Rome, tsiplinovane ta badjore vejsko.

New commander Gaius Claudius Nero, without revealing in Spain the same talents that had been revealed earlier in the fight against Hannibal. Therefore, the Romans decided to look for the continuation of Another Punic War in Spain, a more decisive and obsessive people, and they knew in the blue and the nephew of both Scipios who died in Spain. The main command over the troops in Spain was entrusted to the 24-year army, Publication to Cornelius Scipio the Elder, having gained such great fame under their name African. Regardless of his youth, he had already acquired all the virtues of a soldier and a commander with the mystique of a people's speaker and the suaveness of a person who wants to stand up for helping the people. Having won the military right in the first campaigns of the Other Punic War and already standing in the battle of Ticinus as his father’s successor, and at Cannae – with the greatest presence of spirit. His appointment as commander-in-chief of Spain was accepted by the Roman people with cries of joy (210 BC).

Arriving at the Spanish theater of the Other Punic War, Scipio decided to commemorate his appearance with a right, as if through misfortune it was not enough to bring him great glory, and with a rapt attack on New Carthage. The Carthaginian armies were in distant parts of Spain, their commanders did not act in unison and trusted madly in the Tubili, who were small guarantors of New Carthage. The unconquered capture of this place by the Romans during the Second Punic War was a great loss for the Carthaginians: on one side the stench was cut from the banks, and on the other, having fallen under the guards of the Tubal tribes, the Romans could force the Spaniards to conquer Carthage. This martyrdom and perhaps prompted Scipio to attack New Carthage. Having revealed this plan only to his friend, Guy Lelia, the head of the fleet, Scipio rushed there with a rapid march, and the first hint of his approach reached the Carthaginian corrals, already standing in front of the buried place of honor. Having discovered one place from the side of the sea, which was immediately more accessible, and launched another attack, New Carthage was destroyed. The place, housing all the stores, arsenals and shipyards of the Carthaginian volods in Spain and serving as the center of all trade between Spain and Carthage, brought untreated species to the rescue. To achieve this success, Scipio made it his goal to bring the Spanish peoples into an alliance with Carthage and take over the other Punic War against Rome. They dealt with the guarantors extremely kindly and, having sent some of them to Fatherlandism, promised to let others, like their fellow tribesmen, show their favor for an alliance with Rome. With similar approaches, I try to attract to myself many of the Tubal tribes, and immediately some of them have already become my allies. Having prepared for the conquest of Spain in this way, Scipio sent all his forces against the Carthaginian commanders. Having entered into a decisive battle with Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal, Scipio inflicted such terrible defeats on him (in 209 BC) that he decided to immediately deprive Spain and go straight through the Pyrenees and the Alps to Italy, so that with these troops, like I decided to go to the rescue, hurry to help my brothers (R. 208 BC). At the end of the day, after the defeat of Gazdrubal, Scipio, having displaced other warlords, urged them to completely clear the island, strangling the two rebellions of the Spanish tribes and ordering most of the Roman territory. who cares? The Spanish supporters admired Scipio so much that after defeating Gazdrubal they left him as king. Outstanding glory, which far outweighed the glory of other generals of the hour, Scipio, spring 206 r. BC, ending the loss of the Other Punic War in Spain and turning in triumph to Rome.

Another Punic War in Italy after the Battle of Cannae

Regardless of those who passed from the Italian peoples to Hannibal's side, his rise was even more important. Without denying any support from the viciousness, without any outside help, we are destined to wage another Punic War in Italy for as many as thirteen rocks with our own great talents about the power of power. And the success of his action, with great glory, was given to Alexander the Great by the conquered world. With his spies from Africa, Hannibal faced another Punic War without losing any reinforcement. Just once, immediately after the Battle of Cannes, there was a new increase of 4 thousand individuals under the wire Bomilkara; Nevertheless, others were assigned to help the army and the ships were pushed to Spain at the very hour when they were already preparing to depart for Italy. The Bomilcar will fly to Sicily, not before transferring to Italy. What prompted the Carthaginians to be deprived without the help of their great commander is lost to us, regardless of the war in Spain, unreasonable. Behind the secretly accepted thought, the Barkov party, on which there was a nickname, was a fortune teller for the house Hanno, Gradually, the forces of any help to Hannibal were crossed; If such a strong and troubling influx of Hannos is underway at the hour of Another Punic War, it is important to wait with Hannibal’s permanent command over the armies in Italy and his two brothers in Spain. It is much clearer to us why Carthage so weakly supported Hannibal at sea: it had not yet recovered its entire fleet, which was lost in the First Punic War. Hannibal was eager to make money for his own enterprises and encourage war with war; However, the situation has developed in such a way that, for so many years, it will be possible to lead them to the greatest advantage. At first, most of the Italians switched to the other side, but, regardless of all their frustrations against Rome, they immediately became aware of the inconvenience of being in the land of foreigners, who are little concerned about the power of Rome, and Lyani did not bother to quickly become dissatisfied. Before that, the advances of the Italians to Hannibal at the time of the Another Punic War were completely different, from those of the Roman allies to the head of the Roman army. The rest had long since begun to sound like an unstoppable subjugation, while the Carthaginian allies reached Hannibal in completely new wars and, looming on the right of a foreign commander, realized that they would become his support and that they would I hope you are kind to them.

After the Battle of Cannae, Hannibal decided to continue the other Punic War in Campania, where the popular party immediately conquered the gates of Capua. In whose area and surroundings we spent the winter and thus suffered a lot of harm, because the moral presumption of the inhabitants of the Campanian towns infected the same army. As a result of the frugal and luxurious life in Capua, they significantly weakened in strength and number. At the beginning of the advent of fate (215 BC), the Romans showed the same tact in recognizing the speeches of people, which is so often seen in the history of their empire. They needed people who could reawaken the spirit of war against the misfortunes of the Other Punic War. They knew such a person in one of the praetors of the past fate, Marche Claudius Marcellus, Who, after the Battle of Cannes, acted in his small enclosure in an extremely masterly and reasonable manner, and when leaving the Campanian place of Noli, he defeated Hannibal, causing him great harm. Having given Marcellus 6 legions of troops, the Romans promoted him to the rank of proconsul and vice-consul, and confirmed the coming fate, immediately with the protective Fabius Cunctator at the title of consul and sent him to Sicily, where he commanded com three rocks and subjugated the whole island. After returning to Rome, they again recruited him as consul, after completing the consulate, they deprived him of proconsulship for the entire military, and after that they recruited him again as consul. Claudius Marcellus fulfilled her hopes: already on the cob 215 rubles. BC he gave battle, defeating Hannibal. In this battle, the Carthaginian commander first suffered significant defeats and lost thousands of people. So important for the Other Punic War, it further encouraged the Romans and brought the glory of Marcellus, so that after the battle 1200 Numidian and Spanish leaders went over to the Romans. At the advent of the river Marcellus, a number of brave enterprises in Italy renewed their interest in the Romans, while the course of another Punic war in Sicily and Spain rendered all their successes barren hey Hannibal. Nastupny RUR 213 BC, nothing miraculous happened in Italy, because most of the Roman army under the command of Marcellus settled in the region of Syracuse, and Hannibal was mainly occupied by the region of Tarentum. The grievances of the localities were reduced to 212 rubles. BC to its enemies, but the Roman garrison still retained the Tarentum fortress. Once Hannibal had made all his efforts to defeat the enemy, the Romans attacked Campania and began to siege their capital, Capua. Hannibal sent one of his generals, Hanno, to help her, who, however, was defeated due to significant harm. In order to force the Romans to take over the siege of Capua, Hannibal himself destroyed the Campania. He was so happy that in a short hour he had almost completely lost two Roman pens from Lucania and Apulia, one for 8, and the other for 18 thousand, which were commanded by even filthy commanders. The grievances of these victories made the Roman army reluctant to adopt the same tactics that had previously been used in the Other Punic War. marching into open battle against the Carthaginian commander. Hannibal tried to attack the Romans several times, but he was unable to lure the rest from their fortified camp.

To dissuade them from leaving and taking control of the place, Hannibal ventured to attack Rome (211 BC). Vіn so little daring to conquer the place of the nobleman, as well as to take him by attack, understandably, with the great strength of spirit and military strength of Volodya, the Roman people, in which the skin of the Posadov person was at the same time a military leader, having settled in schools of war, and the skins of the giants are martyred in battles warrior. Therefore, after the Battle of Cannae, having abandoned the proposal of his generals to continue the Another Punic War with a campaign against Rome, and in this way, overturning her discretion, although one of them was Maharbal, and agreeing with him that Even if you overcome, you cannot profit from overcoming. When Hannibal approached Rome with his army and 3 thousand years away from the new camp, a panic fear spread in the area, which, however, the Romans would not call for a fight, would not lift the capa ї. The Senate ordered the addition of 15 thousand of the smallest army to the existing corps, and over the year, together with both consuls, adopted the necessary measures of defense. They say that at that time there was a surge in sales for the auction of part of the field on which Hannibal's tabar was growing, and that the price of the land did not decrease as a result. If this fact is fair, then there will be calls from the Senate to calm down the citizens, whose fear, when Hannibal appears, is already enough to convey that they have risen to the arrival (Hannibal in front of the gate of the place). They also reveal that Hannibal, having learned about the fact, ordered that the Roman coins be sold at auction to his soldiers. But this story is less suitable for collecting anecdotes, since only the Carthaginian commander did not want to fire such a fire over the boasters of the Roman Senate. Hannibal stocked up on food for just 10 days and, having realized that Rome would not reach the target of his appearance before the walls, turned to renew another Punic war in Campania, and went back to Lucania and Bruttia. Affected by hunger, Capua was struck by fear and surrendered to the Romans, and for her surrender, her zeal was punished by them with extreme rank. Seventy prominent citizens were killed, three hundred others were executed, others were sold into slavery or dispersed in Latin places; The place itself was re-populated by freedmen and other commoners and was placed under the unconditional authority of the prefect, since the vast and fertile territory was transferred to sovereign power.

Throughout the three years of the Other Punic War (210 to 208 BC), both Hannibal and the Romans exerted every effort to get out of their difficult situation. The Romans, who had fielded nearly twenty-five legions, began to work out regular levies while wasting people's lives; The war weighed heavily on them and on their Italian tributes, and it seemed that the crisis was approaching if anyone else could manage to deliver money to the Romans before the war began. On the other hand, Hannibal, who had already lost a small army, could only forcefully compete with the Italians, so that the Romans managed to lure their allies back to their part in various ways, And their enemies saw many places occupied by the Carthaginians. After these three fates, Claudius Marcellus lost the Roman commander-in-chief in the Other Punic War; defeated several times by Hannibal, who, as before, found himself unable to overcome the open field, sometimes gaining the upper hand over it. Marcellus, having upheld the honor of the Roman armor, and having accepted most of the other Roman commanders of the progressive defeat of Hannibal, most of the places and lands he occupied from Italy. At 208 rub. BC Claudius Marcellus was killed by one of these masters of strategic sabotage, for the help of which Hannibal always had to miraculously profit from the character of warlike commanders. He was sent to the army as consul, Marcellus, eager to fight the enemy, having been directed by Hannibal to an ambush and having taken his comrade Crispin with him. Having disrespectfully ventured into battle, he was killed and his comrade was mortally wounded.

Gazdrubal's march to Italy and the battle of Metaurus

Regardless of the fact that the death of Marcellus meant great happiness for Hannibal, another Punic war was now taking shape for him. Having already cut off a number of allies, they suffered a shortage of pennies and military supplies and their apparently innumerable military ice could settle in Italy. Everything made him reluctant to call his brother Gazdrubal back from Spain. Gazdrubal destroyed all the way to Italy along the very same road that Hannibal had taken ten years ago, and passed through Galia and the Alps much more quickly and with fewer difficulties. Having learned about the approach of Hasdrubal, the Romans concentrated all their forces to avoid the possible fatal turn of Another Punic War. They brought Italy to the extreme and only by force and recruited their troops from the most powerful countries. In the spring 207 r. BC Gazdrubal appeared in Upper Italy. The Romans secretly sent one of their consuls against him, Brand of Libya Salinator, at that hour like the last, Gaius Claudius Nero, is obliged to go to Lower Italy in order to capture Hannibal and allow him to unite with his brother. Claudius Nero tirelessly followed the Carthaginian commander and not only reached the lowered mark, but with his courage avoided calling out the troubles that were threatening the side of Upper Italy. He managed to go through the sheet of Gazdrubal, finally asking his brother to join him in Umbria. Claudius Nero immediately ventured to leave undisturbed with part of his army from the camp, destroy with a forced march to Umbria, unite there with his comrade and, concentrating against the enemy of the enemy, defeat one brother first, and We are now ready to refuse notice of your arrival. This brave gentleman of the Roman consul determined the result of the Other Punic War of Italy. Having left the camp with 7 thousand strong soldiers at night, Claudius Nero quickly reached the Umbrian town of Seni, near where the defeated army of Mark Livius and Gazdrubal was located. Having approached them very carefully, he entered the Roman tabir without being marked by the enemy. So that the Carthaginian commander did not know about his arrival, Claudius did not order the distribution of a new mark, but rather spread his army throughout the camp. However, Gazdrubal was not fooled by this cunning. Even in Spain, I noted that when there were two commanders of equal rank in the Roman camp, the evening dawn broke twice. Therefore, on the very first evening he guessed about the arrival of Claudius Nero, but this very guesswork was disastrous for Gazdrubal and his father’s rule. It is not possible to explain the unconvinced appearance of the other consul as anything other than the defeat of Hannibal, who was thinking of losing his share of the other Punic War with a swift invasion, otherwise the Romans would overtake him and destroy him. dates that could disappear for a few more days will be lost from the camp until the news is lifted from Hannibal or until he himself arrived.

This is an important battle that was fought at the river Metavri , near Nishny Fossombrone, ended with the defeat of the Carthaginians. Just as he had dismantled his troops, so in managing the course of the battle, Gazdrubal showed himself to be the right commander and had already gained the upper hand in the Battle of Metaurus, as the completely unexpected ruin of Claudius Nero snatched the victory from his hands. Gazdrubal fell on the battlefield, having won everything he could get from a master commander in such a camp; The whole world was entirely to blame: fifty-six thousand fell on the place, and five thousand were completely taken away. The Romans bought the victory for Metaurus at the expense of 8 thousand people. The Battle of Metaurus marked the outcome of the Another Punic War. The first night after the battle, Claudius Nero crashed back from his powerful tabir and continued his march even further, covering 45 German miles in six days. In this manner, there were no more than 14 days. Fortunately for the Romans, Hannibal continued this entire time without suspecting what was to come. As soon as Claudius Nero died, he rushed after the consul or tried to disarm his tabir. However, it was not the wisdom of Claudius Nero and the goodness of the Romans that determined the result of the Other Punic War, but the fate itself, it seemed, wanted to raise Rome and humiliate Carthage as a result of the Battle of Metaurus. Vaughn, following the words of Eschylus, broke the trough of Terez and spoiled the cup. It is said that Claudius Nero, like any New Zealander, sent the cut off head of Hasdrubal to his brothers, and that, looking at it, Hannibal shouted: “I recognize in this head the share of Carthage.” This is a fair anecdote, but it is true that after the loss of Spain and Sicily, the reduction of the important Carthaginian army at Metaurus did little to destroy all the hopes of Hannibal, it is even more surprising that concentrating all their forces in the most primitive part of Italy, in other Punic countries The war is still intact, and throughout this very hour, not only have they found the opportunity to replenish their military, but also to eliminate it in this country’s already sparse losses. As if we were fed, in the era of Another Punic War, Hannibal appears to us the most: then, if he conquered Spain and built a new route through the land of the wild Gauls, reaching the inaccessible Western Alps, the passage and in Italy and threatening Rome itself, because at that important hour, when, after the death of his brother, the deprivation of his life, for four fates, he sailed to the corner of Italy, and, after reaching Africa, he could see how one battle at Metaurus destroyed all the fruits of his victory, we, without thinking about I'll get it. The one who does not fall into misfortune and give up on that wickedness, if the fate itself is hardened against him, who stands firm to the end and bravely parted with life, she seems to us the greatest ideal of humanity.

After the Battle of Metaurus, Hannibal turned to Bruttium and from that time on, in the Other Punic War, with only defensive actions, eagerly seeking help from Carthage. The Romans did not attack him; Satisfied with watching over him, they punished at this hour all the peoples who had fallen to them, completed the uprooting of Italy, and in 206 r. BC they subjugated the Lucanians, the remaining allies of the Carthaginian commander. In the wake of the onslaught of fate in Upper Italy, Hannibal’s brother, Mago, showed up with 14 thousand additional troops, but regardless of those who had recently arrived, close to 7 thousand people, they could not survive Why is it important not to connect with your brother, who was at the end of Italy.

Scipio transferred the Friend Punic war to Africa

The Romans dared to move the Other Punic War to Africa and thereby forced Hannibal and Mago to leave Italy to protect their fatherland. The struggle in Africa, which ended after 17 years the crooked Other Punic War between Rome and Carthage, is closely connected with the character and family life of Scipio the Elder. The situation of this people in the history of the Roman people is a completely new phenomenon, and only a detailed investigation can show us the real reasons and explain the great infusion of the character of Scipio at the end of the Other Punic the wars and the external and internal history of Rome that followed it. Since the time of Scipio the Elder, Marcus Claudius Marcellus also often appeared in the political field, who, without sacrificing Scipio’s latitude, his illumination and military talents, became a notable influx between the Romans, which was necessary They just had little knowledge of the Greeks and the expansion of the Roman power beyond the borders of Italy. Just before the First Punic War, the Romans were on par with the Italians, and therefore, to manage their power, they did not require either foreign ordinary wisdom or foreign knowledge, and could entirely be content with their own It is an ancient, national military mysticism and jurisprudence. Alas, when they entered, in Lower Italy and Sicily, in constant relations with the refined Greeks, their natural minds and one strength appeared insufficient, and the Romans saw the need for the best times and Greek science ci. This more sophisticated illumination and the mysteries and symbols associated with it were especially common in poor families, such as, for example, in the names of Marcellus and Scipio. In addition, poor people were supported by the Reshta, most of the Roman aristocracy, so that in order to promote their increased importance in the state, the culprits began to spread to the people and in every way to gain popularity. What was the situation that, as a result of the Second Punic War and the conquest of an uneven distribution of wealth, the people of the name, and among them the rank of Scipio, greatly rose above and part of the aristocracy. During the fate of Another Punic War, the senate was completely divided into patrons and intercessors, and in this way the aristocracy was preserved only in appearance, in reality turning into an oligarchy. Since one part of this oligarchy wanted to oppose the other, it was small to seek support among the people, or, in other words, to ramp up to demagoguery, so extreme in the democratic powers of Greece, which were previously completely alien oh Rome.

These are the notes that conveyed the image of the actions and significance of Scipio the Elder and his name during the hour of the Other Punic War and in the early days after it. Scipio was the first Roman, who, through demagoguery, reached the same monarchical power that Pericles and other figures fought in Athens. Behind the butt of Scipio, the other aristocrats of Rome secretly followed the same road, until Mari followed it absolutely openly, and Caesar reached this path of unity. Previously, Scipio’s family had made a small contribution to the state’s capital, sharing with many other families; just after the beginning of Another Punic War, it stands tall above all other aristocratic nicknames for Rome. From now on, the Scipios will have to replant all their new plantings and become part of the most important government enterprises. Already at the very beginning of the Other Punic War, the first two battles were fought against Hannibal by one of the Scipios. Regardless of this unfortunate result, Scipio and his brother were entrusted with continuing the Another Punic War in Spain, and for many years they commanded the Roman army there. If the great carelessness of the Scipiones affected both themselves, and in general, in the place of their appointments, not the one who was stealing the surplus of the army, but rather a man of the same noble name of the Claudii, and then again a member nicknames of the Scipios, Scipio the Elder African, regardless of those Yomu bulo lishe 24 rocks. Of course, this young man had merit, but his main merit lay in the fact that he belonged to one of the most famous and powerful canopies. Its first appearance in Spain was entirely similar to the beginning of the suspense activity of Alcibiades in Athens. During this period, Scipio's stay in the province led to him falling first to the Tsar and Volodar, and sometimes to the commoners and townspeople of the republic. His exploits in the Spanish theater of the Other Punic War brought him peace and confidence to the people in Rome. But even more, Scipio became an idol to the people because of his nickname and his forest, sophisticated and friendly relationship with him. These berries come from the walnut light, acquired at once from the walnuts.

At 206 rub. BC, turning back to Rome with joyful shouts from the people, with the firm intention of searching for the consulate and transferring the Other Punic War to Africa. The positions with which Scipio worshiped, killed many of his enemies, who lay before the ancient aristocracy; They were afraid of him, as a demagogue and a man with boundless ambition. But even more than Scipio’s merits, her fortune told that the people had given preference to all other contenders and elected him consul. Since Scipio intended to make Africa the theater of the Punic War, his enemies insisted that his comrade would be a man who, being the supreme priest (pontifex maximus), could not, according to Roman laws, deprive Italy. The majority of the Senate, which punished the consuls for the manner of action, was determined to be decisively against the intention of Scipio, rather than being afraid to give up the respected names of these people. The Senate allowed him to go to Sicily, and to leave, with the fleet and army, when he caught up with his special inflow, to cross to Africa. This was exactly what Scipio needed. Yogo Rodinni Zv'yazyaz, having fucked up the people of the intercesswood, yake vin I, the oh yogo prison, could not dramatically hide the special, but to the Pilim Pilles, they delivered the nabagato more could be more than possible, Zvannya Consul. As soon as they appeared in Sicily, with one cry they began to flock to all sides to wage another Punic war on the African continent, and the Italian powers hastened to settle And give order to your ships.

In Spain, Scipio met with two Numidian volunteers and based his plan on his African campaign. The Numidian peoples, who were in vassalage from Carthage, and their troops, like all nomads who lived by robberies, had no little understanding of honor and conscience. Scipio snatched away the Numidian ruler Masinissa, Having risen to prowess, marvelous virtues and ambition, and when the nephew of the remaining one was extinguished by the Romans, Scipio richly endowed the warrior and promoted him to uncle, revealing his integrity, In this day and age there was a similarity in the character with Masina, like a necessary Numidian ruler s yogo b_k. A few days later, Masinissa became involved with Scipio in Spain and promised him to break the alliance with Carthage, which he supported until the end of the Other Punic War. Another Numidian ruler, Sifax, he was a short man, who was doing nothing but spontaneous spontaneity. Yogo Scipio turned his back with flatteries and aroused his selfishness. Relying on the good fortune not to destroy the approaching nomads, Scipio destroyed the mail to Africa, to Syfax, without breaking it, meeting at his court with his formidable enemy on the Spanish front of the Other Punic. war, Gazdrubal, the son of Giskon, and now dividing with him in such a clear manner the confidence to get the Numidian ruler to come to you. With this masterfully affluent, woody, and venerable friendship, Scipio completely achieved his goal: Sifax formed an alliance with him, and the Carthaginians again got him on their side, going to the extreme quality and sensitivity. Syphax had previously become the beautiful daughter of Gazdrubal, Sofonisba, has long been secured for Masinissa; The Carthaginian Senate gave her, without her father's knowledge, for Syfax. It seems that Sofonisba, who does not care about love before Masinissa, was suited for this love of patriotism. Masinissa decided to take revenge for the image and quickly became the driver for the fall of the Other Punic War from Carthage. Ale, that more than one of the Carthaginian princes joined forces with the Romans, can be seen from the fact that they had previously formed an alliance with Scipio. Just as the Romans landed on the African coast, Masinissa arrived before them. This was even more difficult for Scipio, since the Carthaginians and Syphax had deployed such a large army that without any help it would have been very important for Scipio to get out of the gate in the open field.

Before the last decisive battle of the Other Punic War, the situation between Rome and Carthage was much the same. Mago and Hannibal were in Roman territory, and Scipio in Carthaginian; The offending powers spiraled heavily on the subjugation of their peoples, and each of them entered into an alliance with the subjects of others. Scipio, having slain before the fall of Masinissa, Mago awakened a storm in Etruria that threatened Rome with insecurity. Having realized all the brutality of their position, the Romans, after the end of Scipio’s consulate, decided to deprive Scipio of the command over the military until the end of the Other Punic War, and his comrade ordered arrests and investigations in Etruria. The world has disturbed the leading swindlers to leave Italy and has given rise to their new idea. By the end of his consulate and most of the advancing fate (204 BC) Scipio was engaged in preparations before the war or until the end of the summer 204 r. BC, crossing to Africa. Having happily landed on the African coast and having spread out with a fortified camp, he kept the Carthaginians busy with negotiations throughout the winter, and at the beginning of spring, fortunately, or rather, the carelessness of the Carthaginians, he was able to completely reverse the course of the Other Punic and war. The Carthaginians, who did not care about their lips, who often blamed their camps, continued to hunt them down for a lot of words, in no particular order, and from the first materials. This situation gave Scipio the idea to set fire to his tabir and, in the hour, begin to attack the enemy. Successfully completing all the steps. The Russians received the army of the Carthaginians and Syphax, and the outskirts of the camp were plundered by the Romans; Shortly afterwards, Scipio defeated another Carthaginian army, already in an open field. Only after this other defeat, the Carthaginian Senate, willingly and even reluctantly, ventured to call on Mago and Hannibal from Italy in order to center another Punic war in Africa. By this time, Scipio had destroyed all the way to Carthage, sending Masinissa, with part of the Roman army, against Syphax, who was fighting in his Volodynia. Sifax was broken from the essence of the film and wasted to the hands of Masinissi, who then fueled the mustache of his enemy. Sophonisba was also taken in full, and Masinissa became friends with her. Sifax, on the orders of Scipio, was taken to Rome and died shortly after, and Sophonisba learned of the best re-examination of the famous hero. Vaughn gave her hand in defeating the man in whose love she was determined to ruin her life and with her infusion of her father’s hatred on the new man. Ale Scipio, having respected his friend for the necessities, transferring, with such unsafety, a threat to the Roman interests in the Other Punic War, and ordering Masinisse to show his new army to the Romans, the remains of the treaty Some people have no right to determine the share of military personnel. Masinis obeyed, either without seeing his friends, or with or without the knowledge of Scipio, and let them go. Death threatened Sophonisba as slavery. So two people, even adored by the orator Cicero, most generously sacrificed all human respects to political necessity. In the city, for the killing of the squad, Masinissa received several honors from the Romans and was deprived of the power of Syfax.

Hannibal's return to Africa and the Battle of Zami.

It was necessary, reluctantly, and with doubtful instructions from the Vicon, Hannibal ordered another Punic war in Italy. Voseni RUR 203 BC, he turned from the Apennines to Africa and happily landed on the shore of his father’s land, which, for as many as thirty years, was appointed as the commander-in-chief of all the Carthaginian armies. When he arrived he defeated the Carthaginians. The trust of the people before Hannibal was so great that until now there were a lot of myslivtsy, who significantly strengthened his army. However, after returning to Africa, the Carthaginian commander did not yet dare to make peace with the enemy in the open field, and throughout the winter, he fought another Punic war against Masinissi, from whom he took part Yogo Volodin. In the spring and the onset of the oncoming fate, Hannibal, wanting to turn against Scipio, but fleeing the decisive battle, is trying to obtain the opportunity to open negotiations and end another Punic war, which is not important on the minds. Scipio was not averse to starting the negotiations, especially since in Rome the consuls had been searching for a long time for the opportunity to elect a new command over the military and, at the same time, honor the end of the war. In this way, the right reached the truce and the first articles of the treaty were already signed when the Carthaginian democrats gained the upper hand in the Senate and easily won over the confirmed articles. The decisive battle of the Another Punic War was imminent, and the armies were destroyed one against another. The desire of both generals to make peace led to new negotiations and the idea of ​​a special treaty between them, and Scipio, having expressed such minds as Hannibal could not possibly use. Offended, the commanders separated and began to prepare for battle; the next day (June 19, 202 BC) the great battle of Another Punic War took place, fought under the Battle of Zami. Happiness replaced the great Carthaginian commander, who had previously lost all his strength in all decisive battles. Hannibal exerted himself to the fullest extent of his great talent in order to achieve victory, but would not win against Scipio a suitable opponent. After Scipio was defeated at the Battle of Zama, he lost most of his army, with over 20 thousand people killed and even more captured. Ale and after the unfortunate battle of Zama, Hannibal determined his marvelous opportunities with a major advance from the surplus of his troops to Hadrumet. He hastened to Carthage, having deprived the boy of thirty-five years of his life and now turned into a well-deserved, but unlucky, commander. From all the services given to them from the Other Punic War to Carthage, one of the greatest was that in the whole army, in order to send their companions to the world, although it is clear I realize that sooner or later I myself am guilty of becoming his victim.

The end of another Punic war

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus

The Carthaginians agreed, whether reluctantly or not, in the minds of Scipio and the coming fate (201 BC), confirmed by the Roman people. For this world, having ended the Other Punic War, the Carthaginians were unlikely to seek the permission of the Romans for a skin war, if they wanted to wage it in Africa itself, They have all their captives, defectors, war elephants and all their ships, In addition to ten, recognize Masinissa as Numidian king, pay the Romans for fifty rokas, in the song term, all the expenses of the war and the date of one hundred guarantors. Such an end to the Other Punic War would lead Carthage from the heights of a first-class power to the status of an African power lying dormant to Rome and gradually lead to its destruction. Hannibal conveyed everything very clearly; Other Carthaginians, as was typical for such a trading power as Carthage, gave the greatest importance to these clauses of the treaty, which involved the payment of pennies. They marveled even calmly at those who transported their elephants on Roman ships and burned their ships through the Carthaginian harbor; But when word came out in the Senate about the cost of the sum that would have to be paid to Rome, everyone began to fuss and squeal. At this, Hannibal laughed ironically when they began to reproach him, saying that they would have cried if their ships were burned and stopped from waging war. He is clear that Carthage will not have to endure wars with the Numidians and other African peoples, although he cannot convey that Masinissa, the worst enemy of the Carthaginians, will live, despite their misfortune, to a ripe old age. Behind the minds of the world, having completed the Other Punic War, Masinissa seized all of Numidia and, as a lover of the nickname of Scipio, could steadily represent the hated republic. Turning to Rome, Scipio was greeted with such a triumph, such as had never been seen in Rome, and withdrew from the power of the nickname African.

Hannibal showed himself great and at the same time the world, revealing the same vigor in the governing power as in the Other Punic War. We will do our best to bring about necessary reforms in the governed and governed republic. Undeterred by the entire history of the aristocracy, they reached their goal, having been elected to the government, having broken power for the sake of a hundred that had been strengthened, and having brought the finances of the state into such order that even ten years after the end of Another Punic The Carthaginians wanted to pay the Romans at once all indemnity. Ale Hannibal could not stand, if the aristocrats, for his tabernacle, withdrew with the help of the Romans, as they suited the troops of the party opposite to him. They called Hannibal in the dark with the Syrian king Antiochus III, who was at that time preparing for the war with the Romans and worried about him in the face of death, which threatened him (195 BC. ). Having flown through Phoenicia to Syria, until that king, whose preparations before the war with Rome served as a drive for his expulsion. Hannibal decided to turn this war that Antiochus started into a continuation of the Other Punic.

Having finished the Other Punic War, Scipio turned through Lilybeum from Africa to Rome. In the richly populated areas of Italy, the fight against the burials began to grow. Rome will be joyful if Scipio the African, when the people come, makes a triumphant march through the decorated streets to the Capitol, bring the priest Jupiter, who straightened his hand until he was victorious. Their warriors seized rich towns and returned to their families to lead a comfortable life in the rich economy, or spread across Apulia and Samnia to establish new dominions on these plots of land.

Bags of Another Punic War for Italy

The Roman and Latin giants, who lived to see the end of the gigantic struggle, could proudly remember the past and bravely marvel at the future. Firmness in fortune and misfortune, loyalty to the state, which does not harm the daily victims, has prevailed over all the troubles, all the hard times. In the Other Punic War, the Romans suddenly conquered Italy, and when they lived now, they showed that they respected themselves with their new lords. The Senate punished those places and tribes, which, at the time of the Another Punic War, replaced Rome and were ambivalent: they had extensive rights, they were completely subordinated to the Roman government. Thus, for example, many places and rural communities of the Etruscans, Apulians, Lucanians, Samnites, and other tribes were punished; A part of their lands was taken from them and distributed in plots to the Roman colonists, or it was deprived of the sovereign land, which was used by the richest citizens of Rome; From the allies, this place and tribes became subjects; The Senate sent commissars to exterminate and punish people who were guilty of the law, transferring the control of communal rights to the hands of people given over to Rome. After the Other Punic War, there were settlements of Roman and Latin colonies in the coastal Greek areas; The rights of these places were changed, the Greek nationality of some weakened, and the smell of the Swedes began to spread until the end of the winter. Particularly serious was the punishment of the Campanians and Brutsians, who were Hannibal’s closest allies. After the capture of Capua, the native region of this place was turned into a huge Roman land, and the state, dividing it into smaller plots, began to lease them. The Bruttians, after the end of the Other Punic War, lost the right to enter until the number of wars, the formation of villagers, and the reduction of political rights. Their share was so important that agriculture in their region was replaced by bestiality, the free villagers began to live and die; This place will be occupied by slaves. It was harsh after the Other Punic War and the share of the people who lived in Silar: their main place was destroyed, its inhabitants were transferred to live in villages, and the fortress of Salerno was created to keep an eye on them. The campaign became a favorite place for the summer life of noble Romans, who lived in rural villages near the beautiful creek where the place of Baia stood; The seaside town of Puteoli, near the town where Kumi stood, became a center for trade in similar luxury items, Syrian toilet oils and Egyptian linen.

Alas, the triumph of the Romans was bought at a price: a lot of brave giants fell on the battlefields of the Other Punic War, the sacred fire went out in the fireplaces of a lot of buildings; the number of Roman hulks changed to about a quarter; After the defeat at Cannes, more than 123 senators were lost alive, and the Senate was forced to renew their appointments with new ones. Over the course of 17 years, the Punic War devastated Italy and destroyed its population: nearly 400 places were burned and destroyed; rural houses were looted, bedrooms, fields were devastated; Life for a long time has accustomed people to brawling; The extreme simplicity of rural dachas was weakened by long stays in rich, luxurious places of fortune. A lot of hardships, caused by another Punic war, were smoothed out over the course of an hour: the fields were shed again, covered with clear stubble; In place of the Greek places that had fallen, Roman colonies expanded along the seaside and far beyond the sea. The sovereign treasury quickly became filled with indemnities and confiscations. But the deeds from the fatal inheritances of Another Punic War never healed, they passed like a recession from generation to generation: communities, liberating their rights, lost love before Fatherlandism; the labor life of the farmer has begun to become important to a new generation; the villagers deprived agriculture, gave priority to the poor life of shepherds and farmers, and the itinerant life of the warrior, merchant, and briber. Farming after the Other Punic War fell and became bestiality; the shepherds were not giants, but slaves; Italy stopped producing bread from enough of its own, and was forced to eat bread imported from Egypt and Sicily; This foreign grain, stored in state stores, was sold to the citizens at a cheap price. The Italian villager has no interest in obtaining from his land with important labor those that are easier and cheaper to seize as powers. Generations of Another Punic War rang out before military service, insecurity and the reduction of some wine was celebrated with malts, honors, and treasures. The thoughts of the Italians faded far away from Fatherlandism; the rural dominion arose in the villages; Quiet, modest life at home soon became unthinkable for the old man.

Bags of Another Punic War for Spain

The importance of the Roman rule over the Italian tribes was the only and most important legacy of the Other Punic War: it gave a new direction to Roman politics. Before her, Rome’s ambitions were limited to conquering Italy and the neighboring islands; After the victory over Carthage, the war became much larger, although it was certainly not possible for the Romans to think about the subordination of all the people they knew, as they began to think in the next century. Behind the bags of Another Punic War, stench pervaded Spain, which had never died before; They drove out the Phoenician and Carthaginian colonists, by force of force and by treaties they subdued the Tubilians and lived until they saved what gave them goodness and dissatisfaction with success. After another Punic War, Spain was annexed to the Roman Empire and divided into two provinces; one province cultivated the lands of the Ebro River (near Aragon and Catalonia); Others were made up of numerous Carthaginian lands (lower Andalusia, Granada, Murcia, Valencia); Previously, the Romans had small two provinces, now there are four of them. The Tubans for a long time did not allow the Romans to calmly speed up their battles in Spain; first one tribe, then another after Another Punic War, was slaughtered; The Romans had the opportunity to re-conquer the Georgian regions several times, which had a small military population. Ale Spain, because of the nativeness of its ancient parts, the abundance of gold and ore mining, as Judas Maccabeus felt (1 book Macc. VIII, 3), was an expensive addition to Rome, having taken away tribute from the tribes ї і having recruited good men into his service Spanish youths.

The coastal colonies of the Greeks and Phoenicians, such as Emporia (II, 218), Tarraco, Saguntum, New Carthage, Melaka, Hades, quickly and willingly submitted to the Romans, whose intercession protected them from attacks khizhih Tubilts; The Celtiberian tribes of central Spain hated the Roman yoke, but, fighting among themselves, it was impossible to raise a Zagal rebellion, and the Romans killed them terribly. Those tribes that had already reached a certain civilization, such as the Turdetans, who lived in the present Seville, soon after the Other Punic War adopted Roman culture and took up agriculture and , gentle craftsmanship. The Turdetani took over their own Roman sayings, laws, language, they wanted their own ancient collection of laws, written in verses, small old songs, and other ancient tales about the old times. Previously, the establishment of the Roman army was based on the succession of the Other Punic War by the good tribes of the central, western and lower mountains, who valued goodness and physical strength. With the most important virtues, people fought, like galas, in duels. The beautiful girl in them herself encouraged the good young man to make friends with her, and the mothers, letting their son go to war, encouraged him with stories about the exploits of their ancestors. These tribes spent an hour fighting among themselves, and if there was no fighting from the vessels, the Smilians went to plunder distant lands and went to serve foreigners. In a single battle, they fought bravely with their short swords, as the Romans had used for years; the onslaught of their thick columns was greedy, but the stench could be overcome by the Roman pandemonium. They waged a masterly guerrilla war, which had long been their origin, but in the right battles it was impossible to stand against the Roman infantry. Through several fates after the end of the Other Punic War, when the Roman legions fought in Macedonia, the offended Spanish provinces rebelled against the Romans and even pressed the Roman armies, which they deprived I am in Spain. Ale consul Marcus Porcius Cato defeated the insurgents at the bloody battle between the Empires and Tarraco, again reinforcing Spain, removing the armor from all the tribes that settled after the great invasion of the Spaniards to the non-domestic market and thus ensure a calm environment in Spain for a long time. We have ordered to see in one day the walls of all places from the Pyrenees to Guadalquivir and to live such visits, so that this order will be fair. In his words, he grew up in Spain in more places, living there for several days. The uprising of the indigenous tribes that arose after the Other Punic War, the raids of the Lusitanians who lived in what was now Portugal, and other mountaineers who provoked the Romans to gradually settle on the Pyrenees and several legions (about 40,000 individuals, most of which were Latin allies). Having such a large army in their order, gifted commanders, such as the praetor Gaius Calpurnius and especially Tiberius Gracchus, a brave, reasonable and kind man, gradually rebuked the ntsiv. Gracchus began to establish places in the Georgian regions and distribute land to farmers, habituating the population to a settled life, trying to get princes and their neighbors to serve in the Roman armies; This brought great harm to the Roman rulers, and the advancing rulers followed the butt given by Gracchus. The Romans willingly made treaties with the Spanish tribes on easy terms, took taxes from them in an amount that was not burdensome, gave the Spanish towns great rights, for example, the right to carve coins; Thanks to this prudent policy, the uprising was gradually reversed, and the Roman panic was established behind the backs of Another Punic War. Gracchus was already praised both in Rome and in Spain: according to the words of Appian, his triumph was shining.

Bags of Another Punic War for the Gauls of the Valley

Moreover, below about the roots of Spain, the Romans also emphasized the importance of their veneration in ancient Italy - among the Gaulish populations of the Po Valley - and the Latinization of them. The stinks laid siege to the right before the Other Punic War; wona zupinila yogo. After the Other Punic War, the Senate had strong motives to complete the uprooting of the Gauls, who gladly accepted Hannibal. Insubri, boi, ligurs fought near his army, Gazdrubal, Mago; After Mago's departure to Africa, ancient Italy lost the Carthaginian regime under Hamilcar's rule, and the Celts were forced to continue the war. All this provided sufficient justification for the movement of the Roman armies against the Gauls.

Unsafe insecurity consumed their tribes. The Chinese peoples, who had long been allies of the Romans, were buried in the national fervor, and after the Other Punic War they took part in the struggle for freedom. The great Gallic army, the main part of which was formed by soldiers and battles, went to the cordon to defeat the Roman legions. Gaul was surrounded by Roman fortified colonies, Placencia and Cremona. They took the placenta, and more than 2,000 people from its population began to lie down. A bloody battle was fought under the walls of Cremona, in which the Roman army survived the ruthless invasion of the Gauls and the murder of Hamilcar. Alas, this shock did not steal the courage of the Gauls. The very same army that succeeded at Cremona was ultimately blamed on the forces that were the result of the negligence of the Roman commander. Once the insubri and the battles got into a quarrel, they wickedly exchanged money for their fellow tribesmen at the Battle of Mencia and with this joy bought themselves forgiveness from the Romans. After that, the Romans began to pay other Gauls, the main place of the Insubrivs, Kom, who had been captured by the Romans; The new Insubri left the world with troubles. The Romans deprived them of their independent control, the old laws, a large part of the region according to tribes, for the reason that they would be loyal to Rome and protect the Alpine passes from the invasion of the ancient tribes. The Tsinomani also retained their independent control. In this way, following the Another Punic War, the population of the Po and Alps region gained more independence, and the tribes of Po; it was not taken over by the Roman Empire; It was said that no one from the Gauls, who lived beyond the Po River, could become a Roman giant. It seems that the Transpadanian Gauls obliged to give military goods to the Romans and paid tribute to Rome. It was our responsibility to protect the Alpine passages; After the Other Punic War, the stench of the Romans was a garrison that guarded the natural cordon of Italy. After the influx of Roman culture, Roman language, there was a strong spread of tabletops that, beyond the river, the Celtic people arose; Galli and there, having dressed the toga, adopted the Roman names and language. Thus, the Alps behind the Other Punic War became not only a geographical stronghold, but a national cordon. The Romans were very careful that barbarian tribes would not penetrate into Italy through the passages of their cities.

The Romans found themselves differently after the Other Punic War with the Celts on the day after Po, especially with good fights, their old enemies. In Rome, it was common to blame the warriors, just as they blamed the Senoni. Knowing this, the battles defended themselves with courage and retaliation, and it was important for the Romans to defeat their plan. More than once the Roman legions were seriously in trouble; repeatedly threatened by the new ruination of the renewed Placencia. After all the wars had died out in the long, bitter battle of Mutin, the most important military leaders told the senate: “from the people of the people, old men and children will be deprived of fighting.” Half of the land was taken from them. In the conquered region, military colonies were founded: Mutina, Bononia, Parma; the influx of these places into the surplus tubil population was so strong that after dozens of fates the fighting forces merged into one people with victories, and the very name of their tribe after the Other Punic War became less historical with pogadom. This is exactly what the Romans did after the Other Punic War when they came to the ligurians who lived between Arno and Macro: the whole land was cleared of the tubal population; Part of it was blamed, the rest was resettled to modern Italy. The desperate grief-stricken people asked not to separate them from their fathers' shrines, from the little houses that stinked, from the tombs of their fathers; This blessing didn’t come until after. After the end of the Other Punic War, stench was released from the troops, children, and the lane near Samnia. The seaside town of Mesyats was founded, the Emilian road was built, other roads were laid, and Roman culture rapidly expanded in the newly acquired region.

The great trade and military road went along the sea coast from Pisi through Genoa to the foot of the Maritime Alps, from which the Masalians paved the road through the ancient Galy to Spain. The campaigns of the Romans against the poor, warlike tribes of the Ligurian mountains, valleys and cliffs were a major means of securing this seaside road from hut raids. The Romans were constantly at war with the Ligurians and the wild Hurian tribes of Corsica and Sardinia after the Another Punic War - and after Tiberius Gracchus defeated the Sardinian mountaineers in the great battle And having sent such a number of them to be sold into slavery that the order had agreed. : “cheap, like a Sardinian” They rang until untidy freedom and ceaseless beatings, the stench of shochvilini was ready to rise and often gave the Roman commanders the opportunity to achieve triumphs, from which, however, the Romans laughed at the futility of their efforts vorogiv. The Ligurians, who lived in the mountains above Nicaea [Nice] and Antipolis [Antibes], were, after faceless battles, in which the Romans sometimes lost a lot of people, and were forced to guaranty the Masalians and pay them tribute. For ten years they were subjugated by the Romans and the military salas who lived on the Dora Baltic. The stench was alarming to the Romans from the gold mines and mineral deposits that were in their land, which began to disintegrate into the bark of the Roman treasury. To guard the entrance to the Alps, the Romans established a colony of Eporedia [Hebrew] for many years.

Bags of Another Punic War for Carthage

Time when Rome conquered the first rocks after the Other Punic War to celebrate its famine over Italy, on the outskirts of the Spanish province, Sardinia, Corsica, the panorama over which it gave I rule the entire length of the Mediterranean Sea; Most of the time, the Carthaginians also did not act when they were trying to separate the Greeks from the Macedonians, preparing for the expansion of their volodyas. They tried to reform and put finances in order to heal the deep wounds left by the Other Punic War, and often found themselves in this, although the right was already being complicated by party divisions in Carthage and attacks by foreign enemies. The disastrous result of the Another Punic War was that the control of Carthage fell into the hands of the aristocrats, who were supposed to have been given over to the Romans; The pro-patriotic party, which the people were fleeing and united behind the nicknames of Hamilcar Barca, lost its power while the great Hannibal stood, who became after the end of the suffix and the head for the sake of Sta. Hannibal now dedicated himself not to the military, but to the internal right of the power, carrying out reforms necessary for Carthage. He reformed the Rada of Statue, throwing off the selfish oligarchy and replacing it with democratic institutions. Hannibal increased the income of the state, discouraging the mercifulness of Carthage in paying the Romans the indemnity established for the pouches of the Other Punic War without overburdening the citizens with taxes. Ten years after the establishment of the world, the Carthaginian order ordered the Romans to urgently pay the entire surplus indemnity. The Roman Senate put forward this proposal, so they wanted to keep Carthage in a permanent state.

The Carthaginian aristocrats did not like their greed and love of power. They immediately tried to blame Hannibal for the fact that he was victorious for his own benefit from the command of the commander-in-chief, and then the aristocrats began to timidly inform the Roman Senate about Hannibal’s plans to quickly end the war with Antiochus, which was being prepared from the Romans, about their plans to make a military landing in Italy. legions in Syria. The Senate sent to Africa after. Hannibal was convinced that the Romans would suffer from this, and in 195 he secretly left Carthage, thinking at once to renew the war against Rome. He reached the Syrian king Antiochus III, who was preparing for the war with the Romans. During the Fatherland era, Hannibal was sentenced in absentia to death as a prisoner. Antiochus kindly received the famous Vignanian. Hannibal had given him a reasonable solution, and if the Tsar had followed him, then soon the war with Rome could have taken a completely different turn.

The aristocratic party, given over to Rome and after the departure of Hannibal, which took all the power into its own hands, was very careful to avoid anything that could give the Romans a reason for dissatisfaction; However, she still did not manage to put Carthage within a hundred years of the Romans, gaining her confidence. After the Other Punic War, the Romans did not trust the Carthaginians in any way, continuing to respect them as friends and companions of Hannibal. The Roman Senate spoke of provos and fortunes to Carthage. The merchants of the Roman Empire built up insecure superniks in the defeat of the Carthaginians, and they could not overcome the competition from such stinks and after the Other Punic War, without the threat of such commercial evidence and such great connections And from the foreign trade world.

Therefore, the Numidians and other Lebanese tribes recklessly gave vent to their old hatred of Carthage, launched raids on his Volodin, plundered the places and districts that had long belonged to the Carthaginians, which were under the treaty And, having finished the Other Punic War, they could not defend themselves against them without permission. whose permission is granted. The cunning, energetic Masinissa, who saved his physical and moral strength up to 90 years, was able to cope with the constant evasion of the Romans to Carthage. No matter how much he had expanded his kingdom to the buried Carthaginian lands, he could not have added such a lane that it would become unsafe for the Romans or he would want to stop demanding their intercession; They willingly allowed him to deceive the Carthaginians and take their border lands. In order to do this, they stopped the Carthaginians from waging war without their permission, so that the neighbors would press the Carthaginian power and respect the renewal of their forces. The insignificance of the installations after the Other Punic War of Cordons undermined Masinisi’s ambition. He gradually dug the land far from the sea to the desert, occupying a rich valley along the top of Bagrad and the place of Vakku; having buried at the gathering that part of the coast where the old Phoenician place of Velika Leptida stood; in Volodiv the trading place of Emporia and the neighboring district, digging the land to the cordons of Kyrenia. The Carthaginians told the Romans, but there was no coristia: the Romans listened to their messages, and sometimes they ordered Masinissa to take the land from the Carthaginians, but they did not commit suicide, knowing that the Romans respected the authorities m everything that you will take from the Carthaginians. When the 157th fate of the Carthaginians renewed their money, an embassy was sent to Africa to investigate; head of the embassy buv Cato. The Carthaginians, tired of the partiality of the ambassadors, decided to continue explaining them, seeming that the justice of Carthage was obvious. Cato was deeply impressed by this and turned to Rome, beginning to antagonize the Senate against the Carthaginians with preaching about their pride, about the growth of their power.

After another Punic War, Masinissa, perhaps on the verge of conquering Carthage itself, would make it his capital; Among the Carthaginians there were people who had conceived his plans, were ready to recognize him as their master, so that they could become his warlocks. Masinissa was diligently trying to expand the Phoenician language, the Carthaginian culture between the powerful and nomadic populations, tidying up the nomads’ hobbies, bringing them to farming, to a settled life, becoming a settlement, ; he wanted the power that Carthage had conquered to become illuminated by the singing world; I believe that Numidia plays an important role. But the fate was different. The bags of the Other Punic War sent inquiries to the point that it would be impossible to lose all the other powers in the Mediterranean besides the Roman one. The beginnings of independent life could first have developed in Numidia, but it was destroyed by the Roman Empire.

219 rub. SIEGE OF SAGUNT.

Hannibal, the son of Hamilcar Barca, seized the order of Sagunt, a Greek city allied with Rome, the only city in Spain on the day of Ebro, as the Panova of Carthage did not know. If Saguntum threw away his power, Hannibal unfaithfully laid it on him, understanding that we ourselves, perhaps, called the war with Rome: according to the traditions of his father, he took revenge for the defeat of the First Punic War. Rome has seized upon the taxes and sights of Hannibal. Carthage was conquered; Rome declared war. After an eight-month war, Hannibal took Saguntum by storm. From now on, his Iberian base was in a state of security, and he was ready to begin the implementation of his far-reaching and carefully thought-out strategic plans.

218 rub. Hannibal's plan.

To ensure that Roman control over the seas could not be compromised, Hannibal decided to lead the army from Spain by dry land - through Pivdennaya Galiya and the Alps to the Po Valley. He has already sent representatives there to secure his allies in Transalpine and Cisalpine Gaul, thereby ensuring reliable lines of communication that will connect him with Spain y, and laying forward bases in Pivnichny Italy. He planned to gain reinforcements from the warlike Celtic tribes, who hated Rome. Having set out to stir up Rome before a war on two fronts, he began negotiations with Philip V of Macedon. Nearly 20 thousand people under the guardianship of their brother Hasdrubal will be deprived of the world in Spain, ensuring reliable treatment.

Hannibal. Carthaginian coin

Hannibal, one of the greatest generals of old, was undoubtedly distinguished. There are also certain benefits of a political figure and a diplomat. His plan to fight against Rome was not just a military plan, but a political program, designed for conflict between the Roman state and the Italian communities that supported it. It is also worth noting that Hannibal was a miraculous organizer and, according to the testimony of ancient historians, he gained the blame’s authority and popularity among his own people.

218 rub. ROMAN PLANS.

Consul Titus Sempronius led an expeditionary force of approximately 30 thousand men on 80 ships to invade Africa and attack Carthage; Consul Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio would soon invade Spain, with an army of approximately 26 thousand men and a fleet of 60 cor. abliv; Praetor Lucius Manlius, with approximately 22 thousand men, will bury Cisalpine Gaul, streaming from the restless Celts, the docks of the consular armies will be occupied by the Carthaginians. The Romans did not suspect Hannibal's planned invasion.

Berezen-worm 218 rub. THROUGH THE PERENES.

Having crossed the Ebro with approximately 90 thousand people, Hannibal conquered the land, which today lies above the Pyrenees. Here he deprived his strong garrison and included in the warehouse of his army all the people who were not included in the troubled field campaign. Before Galiya, you have less than 50 thousand people, 9 thousand kin, and about 80 war elephants.

Lipen-zhovten 218 rub. VIA GALIIA.

Wanting to have some support during the march (especially when crossing the Rhone), the march through Galia was launched with miraculous advanced preparation, which turned out to be quick and easy. Having learned about this revolution, Scipio and his army, hoping to oust the Carthaginians, landed in Massilia (present-day Marseille). Ale Hannibal, in order to escape the crossing, having already gone wild, up the mountain of the Roni Valley, planning to cross the Alps in the depths of the country, perhaps in Traversetti. Unsatisfied with Hannibal's advances, Scipio, with small forces, hurried along the coast to Eastern Italy, sending the main army under the command of his brother to Spain.

Zhovten 218 rub. CROSSING THE ALPS.

Although the Alpine passes were covered with snow, Hannibal’s army pushed forward. A lot of people and creatures perished in the cold, a lot of them perished in the desperately baked support of the Georgian tribes. Valleys Hannibal reached only 2 thousand troops, 6 thousand cavalry and a few elephants.

Leaf fall 218 rub. BATTLE ON TI3ZINI (bitch Ticino).

Hannibal was as hostile to the presence of Scipio as the Roman consul was to the strength of the Carthaginian offensive. Having taken command of the army of Manlius, battered in the recent battle with the Gauls, which ended in defeat, Scipio rushed ahead of Hannibal to the Ticinus River, a downstream tributary of the Padus River. In the battle, which was markedly surrounded by cavalry actions, the Romans were defeated, and Scipio was wounded.

Battle of the Trebbia River at 218 r. BC

Breast 218 rub. BATTLE OF TREBBIYA (feat. Trebbiya).

Having learned about the appearance of Hannibal, Sempronius by sea across the Adriatic transferred most of his army from Sicily to the Po Valley, united by Scipio. Hannibal followed through with the recruitment carried out among the Gauls, increasing his army to 30 thousand men, causing Sempronius to attack, forcing the Trebbia (especially for the sake of Scipio). At that time, as Hannibal himself counterattacked the wet Romans, a small raid of cavalry and hunting under the command of his brother Mago, entered the valley uphill beyond the river, hitting the Romans in the flank and in the back. The Roman army, numbering 40 thousand, left a total of 10 thousand people who broke through the Carthaginian center; Rashta Buli were interrupted. Hannibal's invasion may have killed 5 thousand people.

218 rub. SPAIN.

About this time, Gnaeus Scipio landed in Spain, on the outskirts of the Ebro River, and delivered defeats to the Carthaginians, who had captured Hanno and now controlled the entire region between the Ebro and the Pyrenees.

Sichen-berezen 217 rub. WINTER APARTMENTS IN THE VALLEY PO.

Here Hannibal gave preference to his Carthaginians and the recruited Gauls, who were now collecting information through his, even effective, spy network in Italy. Having learned that the two new consuls who entered the landing on the 15th of February were Gaius Flaminius, who commanded approximately 40 thousand people in Arretia (arezzo), and Gnaeus Servilius, under whose command was close 2 0 thousand people in Armenia (daily) Rimini) . Consular armies blocked the main roads leading to Central Italy and Rome.

Berezen-kviten 217 rub. ADVANCE NEAR CENTRAL ITALY.

Now the first flanking maneuver in history, Hannibal left approximately 40 thousand people unconvinced crossing the snow-covered Apennine passes on the day before Genoa, the flood of the sea shore and for several days the flooding of the swamps in the Arnsov River. impassable during the spring season. In a hurry, soon after, Clusia reached the road Rome - Arretium, and, thus, arrived between the Roman armies and their capital. (During this important march, Hannibal lost his eye on one eye as a result of an infectious illness.)

Battle of Lake Trasimene RUR 217 BC

Kviten 217 rub. BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENE.

Stubborn Flaminius, who is so clearly aware that his communications are cut, with a swift march, destroying the pranking battles; For the sake of productivity, safety was sacrificed. Familiar with both Roman practice and the character of his opponent, Hannibal marched his entire army to the rear where the road passed above Lake Trasimene - at a narrow defile under the overhanging rocks. This light infantry was slaughtered in Ukritta, on the hillside, the cavalry was guarded after it. At the end of the defile, blocking the road, putting an important lust in the head of the Roman colony. When the entire army of Flaminius was involved in a six-kilometer defile, Hannibal ordered the cavalry to close its rear end, and then struck with a light rush the similar flank of the Roman colony. Rapto's attack turned into panic and defeat for the Romans. Nearly 30 thousand Romans, including Flaminia himself, were killed or captured, and 10 thousand Russian groups fled through the mountains to inform Rome of the greedy defeat. Hannibal continued the collapse for the day, searching for a different base in ancient Italy, realizing that there were still places and tribes that had been respected by the allies of Rome (or, in fact, his vassals) ).

ALE HANIBAL did not march on Rome, but sent his army through Umbria and Picenum to the shores of the Adriatic Sea. We understand that the capture of Rome entails trivial taxes and such a tax is risky, leading to the conquest of Italy. In addition, after the long-term knowledge of the gains from the Gauls, we will be able to invest in the support, and possibly the rebellion, of the population of Middle and Old Italy against the rule of Rome. Therefore, Hannibal, devastated the fields and dominions of the Roman giants on his way, sparing the Volodinian Italians, and releasing the captives with them without compensation.

Grass-zhovten 217 rub. THE SENATE RECOGNIZES QUINTE FABIA DICTATOR.

Having realized that they could not cope with Hannibal on the battlefield, Fabius wisely considered the uniqueness of regular battles, constantly turbulently turbulent Carthaginians and their successful drying. These “Fabius tactics” have earned you the name of the Cunctator (totally). The Romans were filled with impatience - they no longer knew the tradition of the offensive war. Marcus Muncius Rufus, Fabius's closest lieutenant, who publicly expressed his ignorance of these tactics, was rewarded by the Senate with the status of a commander loyal to the dictator. Hannibal did everything he could to provoke the Romans into open battle, and, unprompted, he fought for Geronia, de Muncius accepted the cry. Hannibal attacked. As a result of the defeat, Muntius revoked Fabius’s own paraphy, whose army became a serious threat to the Carthaginian flank. Hannibal walked up with dignity. Muntz courageously acknowledged his mercy and continued to invariably give Fabius loyal encouragement.

Dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus, who now became part of the Roman troops, replenished with a new set, having gained evidence of three border battles. Having learned that the Carthaginians were stronger than the Romans in the field war, in open battle, they moved on to the tactics of disengaging the enemy. Fleeing from decisive battles with the main forces of Hannibal, they followed him on his heels, attacking the outskirts of the corrals and those running out of food supplies, laying down the supplies of the army of Carthage. However, this tactic was not due to the popularity and support of the population, first of all the villagers, which the protracted war and the presence of the hostile army in the territory of Italy brought about ruin.

Therefore, the dictatorial duties of Fabius Maximus, nicknamed Cunctator (Procrastinator), were not continued, and in 216 p. The consuls were Lucius Emilius Pavlo and Gaius Terentius Varro. Varro became a supporter of the decisive war and promised to put it to the end of the same day to kill the enemy.

217-211 rub. Spain and Africa.

About this time Publius Scipio, with eight thousand reinforcements, reached his brother in Spain. The coming fate of both Scipios, as a rule, was accompanied by success. They managed to persuade Hasdrubal and Mago to withdraw from the line of Ebro and persuade the Numidian king Syphax to rebel against Carthage. Meanwhile, the Carthaginian commander, who turned to Africa, gave Syphax blows for the encouragement of the Numidian prince Massinissi. Then Hasdrubal, with reinforcements that included the Numidian film of Massinissi, turned to Spain (212 r.), at which time Scipio conquered Saguntus.

Kviten-lipen 216 rub. ROME PREPARES BEFORE THE VIRUS BATTLE

Following the hour won by Fabius, Rome collected an army of 8 Roman and 8 allied legions - 80 thousand infantry plus 7 thousand cavalry - and sent them to Apulia, under the command of two new cons ulіv, Emilia Paul and Terentia Varro, search for Paul by Hannibal . The Carthaginian, who had 40 thousand infantry and 10 thousand cavalry, sought out friendly minds for battle. A cold-blooded and careful military leader, Pavlo carefully found the time to give the enemy such power, and every hour he was at the mercy of his more virile colleague Varro to pursue the same tactics. The consuls commanded across the line, changing every day. Having rushed to the right, Hannibal passed by Canni with a night march, burying the Roman food warehouses and achieving control over the grain-producing regions of Pente Apulia. The Roman army hurried there; The opponents camped out on the fresh birch of the Avfid River (present-day Ofanto) in fortified camps, which were 10 km apart.

The settlement of Kanni in ancient Italy became the site of one of the classic victories in medieval history. Emilie Pavlo did not want to fight on a wide plain, but Hannibal’s army would have little obvious advantage. Just that day, when the ruler of the army passed to Varro, he began... Hannibal gained victory over the Romans. Due to the numerical inferiority of the infantry, and the stronger cavalry, they dismantled their troops in what appeared to be a change. The Roman legionaries found themselves in tightly closed battle formations, attacked the center of Hannibal’s troops, threw them away, but were unable to create a breakthrough. In the meantime, as the Carthaginians advanced and the Romans advanced deeper and deeper, Hannibal quickly carried out a wave of entrapment; His cavalry overran the right and left flanks of the Romans, formed a herd and attacked the Romans from the flanks to the rear. Victory at Cannae brought Hannibal glory, as many commanders have died over the years: 45,000 Roman infantry and 2,700 leaders lost their lives. Among them is the consul Emilius Pavlo, a large number of leading magistrates and 80 senators. Varro from 50 tops of minds escape from sharpness and run away. 4000 infantry and 200 leaders of the sums were saved by the 19th century Publius Cornelius Scipio, the future defeat of Hannibal.

The BATTLE of Cannes has long been revered as an incomplete vision of military mystique. The name “Kanny” began to stagnate until some great battle, which led to the complete defeat of the enemy army. At one time Hannibal's victory was still great.

Sickle-chest RUR 216 VIEW OF ROME

Never before, nor after, has a power seen, one after another, known such miserable defeats as Rome on the Trebbia, the Trasimene Lakes and Cannae. If the news about Kanni reached Rome, there would, of course, be a few weak hearts, but the Roman people had only one goal in mind: to strive hard to achieve victory. The Senate recognized Marcus Junia as dictator of Peru. All physically healthy people who do not care about their jobs at all times were mobilized. Marcus Clodius Marcellus became the leading field commander, who, with two legions, marched out on the day in order to encourage the allies to join Rome in the remaining war. Had the allies gone to the other side of the enemy or simply abandoned the military operations, neither the valor nor the resolve of Rome would have been able to capture the mountain over the genius of Hannibal. But most of the allies lost their loyalties. Without a tax convoy, Hannibal could not seize Naples, a garrison which was hastily reinforced by Marcellus. Kapuya, another large place in Italy, came before Hannibal - as well as a number of small towns in Campania, Samniti and Lucania. However, the Italian places that are being fought were at war when, under the walls of Noli, Marcellus defeated the great Carthaginian in the first Battle of Noli. The small reinforcements from Carthage, whose fate came to an end - a lousy encouragement to the Senate of Carthage, who at that time dominated Hanno, the old political enemy of his father, together with the Roman advance at sea, made it difficult for the great reinforcements and they could have allowed Hannibal to attack Rome itself. He was criticized for not going to Rome immediately after Cannes. Ale Hannibal knew for sure that without the tax convoy of his Vlasna Strokat, the army had a good chance of taking a strong fort with a garrison of 40 thousand men. Apparently, he focused on the task of creating a base in Modern Italy, in which he achieved success, regardless of the solidarity of the Italian cities with Rome.

215 rub. NO POSITION IN THE CAMPAIGN.

Having buried a great number of places and forts, Hannibal was no less able to achieve real winnings. Rome and approximately 140 thousand warriors (including those in Spain, Gaul and Sicily); About 80 thousand of them were concentrated against Hannibal's forty to fifty thousand warriors. Tim no less, the Romans, pursuing the new policy voted by the Senate, had unique battles. Having quickly overcome the favorable situation, Marcellus again defeated Hannibal's advance at another Battle of Nola.

215-205 rr. PERSA MACEDONIAN WIJNA.

Although Hannibal successfully negotiated with Philip of Macedon to form an alliance against Rome, the results brought disappointment to him.

214-213 rr. CRASHY DIY.

Rome now has over 200 thousand soldiers in the ranks, of which 85 thousand to 90 thousand carefully guarded Hannibal, who was now trying to maintain the size of his army between 40 thousand people and by recruiting Italians. He fought another battle with Marcellus - having won nothing at the third battle of Noli, then moved to Apulia, hoping to seize the port of Tarentum. His brother Hanno, with an army of 18 thousand, suffered serious defeats at Benevent under Tiberius Gracchus, under the command of which there were 20 thousand men. Marcellus defeated Sicily, where he gained a splinter and defeated the Syracusans, who were considered to be henchmen of Carthage, and over the Carthaginians themselves. Hannibal dedicated the offensive river to operations against Tarentum; Hanno at that hour delivered defeats to Tiberius Gracchus in Brutti (currently Calabria, 213 r.).

Assault on Syracuse from the sea. End of the 3rd century. BC
Marine sambuca and Archimedes crane, for the help of which they lift the bow of the ship

213-211 rub. SIEGE OF SYRACUS.

As fate would have it, Marcellus tried to take the place by storm, but a great number of defensive shells, brilliantly designed by Archimedes, were lost without success. Having defeated the defense of the master of Syracuse, the military leader Hippocrates. Decide (212 r.) in the minds of breaking through your own roads near the outer place, timing the attack before the Holy Day. Archimedes was beaten. The operation in Syracuse continued for another 8 months - Marcellus, one after another, re-evaluated the interior of the citadel and attacked the garrison.

212 rub. TARENTUM I CAPUA.

Hannibal buried Tarentum, and the Roman garrison settled in the citadel. By this time, the Roman consuls Quintus Fulvius Flacci Appias Claudius took Capua into custody, having already noticed that there was a waste of food. In response to the call for help, Hannibal ordered Hanno to release the place. From the well-fortified camp under Beneventus, Hanno collected large supplies of food, and then, with a masterful maneuver, provoked the Roman armies from Capua. Having delivered the supplies to the taxed place, they were leveled with the master military leader of the Carthaginian Capuans and acted irrevocably. While the expedition was gathering new supplies of food, Fulvius Flaccus launched a night attack on Hanno's tabernacle and buried several thousand Capuan wagons and ample supplies. 6 thousand Carthaginians were killed and 7 thousand were buried. Hanno quickly turned to Bruttius. The Romans revived the obloga of Capua. Now Hannibal, with approximately 20 thousand men, advancing from Tarentum, and although the Romans in New Italy had more than 80 thousand men, they could not or did not want to escape his march to Capua.

212 rub. FIRST BATTLE OF CAPUA.

At the battle under the walls of the city, Hannibal gave the consuls a dressing down. As the Carthaginians withdrew from Capua, stench arose in various directions, threatening their forts in Campania and Lucania. Hannibal followed Appia from Lucania, but he could not be evil. True, in the early part of Lucania there were forces and the army of the praetor M. Centenius Penulus - obviously, on the river Silaris (current Seli). Centenia had about 16 thousand people, Hannibal had about 20 thousand; Centenius himself perished, and more than one thousand of his people died and were completely killed. By the time the consuls had restored the cover of Capua, and the rest of the place was now well secured, Hannibal turned to the new shore, having recognized the damage when trying to take over Brundisium (now Brindisium).

211g. Spain.

The Carthaginian armies of Hasdrubal, who had withdrawn reinforcements, defeated the Scipio brothers in several battles near the valley of the Upper Betis (the current river Guadalquivir); Offended, the Roman military leaders were killed. Carthage will be restored to Volodya by Spain on the day before Ebro.

211g. SIEGE AND ANOTHER BATTLE OF CAPUA.

During the winter, the Romans completed their tax fortifications. The new consuls, Publius Sulpica Galba and Gnaeus Fulvius Centimalus, with an army of fifty thousand, blocked Hannibal's path from day to day, just as the proconsuls Fulvius and Appius at about sixty thousand Yiska prodovzhuvali obloga. At the end of a new call to Capua, Hannibal appeared, leading 30 thousand inhabitants; It was then that he managed to escape from Galba and Centimala, and at that moment, when the Capuan garrison formed a fort, the Carthaginians attacked the Roman lines. However, he did not manage to patch up Fulvius’s support and the turbulence came, and Apius at that time drove the Capuanians back to the place.

211 rub. GOING TO ROME.

In the hope that the threat to the capital would disturb all Roman forces and rush to attack them in order to remove the cover of Capua, Hannibal marched on Rome. Efficiently, offended, the consuls rushed after him, and Fulvius, having brought part of his forces from Capua, prote Appia with about 50 thousand people, having survived the obloga. Hannibal's maneuver was a clear demonstration; Without fail, he again turned to the day, once again alarming the consular army, just as Fulvius turned to take command of Capua. Once upon a time, the place was close to extinction - the most important blow from Hannibal's recapture of the dosi in Italy.

210 rub. ROMAN ADVANCE.

Still fighting against anything similar to the open battle against Hannibal, the Romans were planning to try to destroy his base and land. Ale Hannibal defeated the army of the proconsul Fulvius Centimalus at another battle at Herdonia (s. Ordonia). Centimal buv kills. Nezabar after this, Hannibal defeated Marcellus in the Battle of Numistro.

Scipio Africanus

210-209 rr. Spain.

After the death of Publius Scipio, the Roman Senate sent its twenty-five-year-old son, Publius Cornelius Scipio, known in history as “Scipio Africanus,” to take command in Spain. Once upon a time, Roman power was restored on the eve of Ebro. Then, with an army of 27,500 men, a swift march reached New Carthage (now Cartagena), blocked from the sea by the Roman fleet, and took the place by an uncontested attack (209 r).

209-208 rub. TARENT.

Although Rome is close to bankruptcy, and the people of Italy are close to starvation due to the lack of people to work in the field, the republic is again small with 200 thousand people. Hannibal may have collected more than 40 thousand - the largest number of Italians; And, since we do not respect the poor veterans, the strength of his army was much lower than that of the Roman legions. Now he is back, counting on reinforcements from Spain from his brother Hasdrubal. According to the Romans, Tarentum was the main base of Hannibal in Italy. It’s amazing that the Roman garrison in the citadel has not yet surrendered to the sea. In an important battle, Hannibal defeated Marcellus near Asculum, but reappeared in the hope of achieving a decisive victory over his weak enemy. About this time, Fabius Cunctator (the consul in retreat) immediately took Tarentum for the sake of Hannibal's Italian allies. It is hostile that, regardless of this expense, Hannibal showed up to continue the war and fight against the hopeless situation of the significantly larger and smaller armies of the Romans (208 r.). The Romans, and especially Marcellus, were no longer afraid of a battle with him. However, Marcellus’ fate was lost in the dark and died.

208 rub. BATTLE OF BEKULI; Spain

After numerous maneuvers and numerous events, Scipio defeated Hasdrubal in a battle near Cordoba, without causing any harm to the Carthaginians. Having rejected Hannibal's order to send reinforcements to Italy, Hasdrubal destroyed Galia, possibly losing Spain to Scipio. Gaul spent the winter, giving preference to its people and gaining more numbers.

Hasdrubal. Carthaginian coin

207 rub. GASDRUBAL IN ITALY.

On the eve of the rock, Hasdrubal crossed the Alps, arriving in the valley of the Po River with approximately 50 thousand people, more than half of whom became Galli. Having informed his brother about his arrival, he began to make his way to Central Italy. Hannibal sometimes knew a good opponent in the person of the active consul Caius Claudius Nero. At the Battle of Grumenti (s. Saponara), Nero, who had 42 thousand men under his command, having lost a small numerical superiority over Hannibal (who, apparently, had about 30 thousand men), was unable to block the Carthaginian’s routes to pіvnіch at Kanusіy (such . Canosa di Puglia), where we intend to check the signal in front of our brother. Hasdrubal's prote envoys were lost to Nero. The Roman consul now conceived a brilliant plan. Having deprived most of the army from resisting Hannibal, he found 6 thousand troops and one thousand assets - good for good - and with all possible haste, collapsing on the ground. Having walked 400 km in 7 days, on the afternoon of the Metaurus River, we secretly arrived at the consul M. Livia Salinator, who opposed Hasdrubal in Pivnichno-Skhidnaya Italy.

207 rub. BC BATTLE ON METAUR.

Hasdrubal's patrols reported the arrival of Roman reinforcements, and in the morning they sailed from Metaur to a friendly place. But the Italian guides deserted, and in the dark the army got lost. Hasdrubal hastily prepared for battle, placing his most reliable units on the left flank, behind a deep ravine. The Roman consuls met with him immediately after the wedding. The Carthaginian right flank was soon engaged in an important battle with the legions of Livius, including Nero, who, having been on the Roman right flank, had access to the galleys partitioned off the ravine. Judging that the crossing was so impassable for the Carthaginians, Nero led his drives from the line and quickly passed behind the Roman armies, which formed the right flank of the Spanish infantry. Rapto's attack completely demoralized the Spaniards and, regardless of Hasdrubal's heroic efforts, his army fell into panic. Bachachi, now that everything had been spent, Hasdrubal rushed to the Roman cohort in vain, only to die fighting. The Carthaginian army was hopelessly defeated: over 10 thousand people died, and there was a surplus; The Romans lost 2 thousand people. Immediately after the battle, Nero turned in six days to Pious Italy. According to the legend, the first story, how Hannibal rejected the arrival of his brother to Italy, the head of Hasdrubal was catapulted to the Carthaginian camp. Vіn bitterly ascended to Bruttium.

207-206 rub. Spain.

Despite the decisive support of Mago and Hasdrubal Gisco, Scipio quickly expanded his rule over most of Spain. The high point of the campaign was the battle at the town of Ilipi (or Silpia) in Turdetania, de Scipio with 48 thousand people, with a brilliant maneuver, decisively defeating the seventy-thousand-strong army of Carthage (206 r.). Having expanded the center of his army in a manner that closely resembled Hannibal's campaign at Cannae, Scipio rose to a completely different rank. The center was pulled back, as the Roman commander had successfully sharpened his wings. The Carthaginian rule in Spain was over. Nezabar after this, Scipio embarked on a brave campaign to Deep Africa, where he formed an alliance with Massina, Syphax’s rival in the super-responsibility for the Numidian throne.

206-204 rub. HANIBAL IS IN A CLEAR POSITION.

Hannibal moved with great rank in Bruttia, regardless of the great numerical superiority of the Romans and the low strength of his troops compared to the Roman legions. The only significant military action in the midst of the impersonality of the battlefield during this period was the battle at the place of Croton (204 rubles), where Sempronius fought against him. That same fate, brother Mago with a small army landed at Liguria. By this time, Scipio had been elected consul (205) and was now preparing an army from Sicily for the invasion of Africa.

Ruins of Carthage. Everything that was lost from the great power

204 rub. INVASION OF AFRICA.

As proconsul Scipio returned from Lilybaum with a miraculously formed and miraculously equipped army, which numbered nearly 30 thousand men, many of whom were veterans of Cannes and tried to restore their honor. He landed near Utik and surrounded the place. It is likely that Hannibal’s brother, Hanno, died in one of the first moments of this campaign. The arrival of the great army of Carthaginian under the commands of Hasdrubal Gisco and Syfax forced Scipio to withdraw the taxation and pledge the shores of the fortifications of Tabira. A truce was established and the offending armies were destroyed in their winter quarters.

203 rub. BATTLE WITH A Jock (or IT).

Having destroyed the truce, Scipio uncontrollably attacked the Carthaginian and Numidian camps, setting them on fire and defeating the allied army, reviving the cover of Utica. Nezabar Hasdrubal and Syphax recruited a new army and immediately, not far from the Utica, they met with Scipio at the Battle of the Bagrada River, which ended with the defeat of the Romans and the capture of Syfax.

203 rub. LOYAL TO HANNIBAL.

At the meeting, the Carthaginian Senate began peace negotiations, which immediately reached the metropolis of Hannibal and Mago. At the hour of the truce, Hannibal had withdrawn from Italy about 8 thousand people - mostly Italians who had retained loyalty to their foreign leader. Even with thousands of people, having died at the gateway roads, Mahon, who recognized the lesions in Liguria, died from his wounds. After the return of the commander, the Carthaginian Senate interrupted peace negotiations and helped Hannibal to gather a new army from the core of Italian veterans.

202 rub. MARCH TO ZAMU.

With an army that consisted of nearly 45 thousand infantry and 3 thousand cavalry, Hannibal, straight from the depths of the border, probably pushed Scipio away from the outskirts of the capital, which were systematically ruined by Rome us. Scipio follows him. Scipio's army consisted of 34 thousand men of the army and 9 thousand cavalry (including the Numidian reinforcements of Massinisi, who had joined before).

BATTLE OF ZAMI 202 r. BC

Once the offensive troops had already taken positions, Hannibal followed suit by trying to enter into negotiations with Scipio. The attempt was unsuccessful, and the battle began. Scipio's army was forced into the original three lines, and then increased the distance between the lines and the maniples in the colony, in order to create passages through which the Carthaginian war elephants could be missed. Hannibal's infantry was also launched in three lines - starting from Cannae, and finally beginning to take advantage of the Roman formation and tactical systems. However, behind the blame of the Italian veterans and the poor Ligurians and Gauls who turned away from Mago, most of his army consisted of unknown recruits. The cavalry was especially weak - a group of troops that hardly brought Hannibal all his brilliant victories, and therefore, he was not in a position to stop his favorite maneuvers.

Against the attack of the war elephants, Scipio's tactics proved to be quite effective, and the Roman and Numidian troops drove Hannibal's cavalry from the field. When there was a rush, the Romans quickly ran into the first two lines of the Carthaginians. Then the triarii were led to Hannibal's reserve. The pro-Italian veterans of Hannibal showed remarkable resilience - at the moment when the Numidians of Massinisi, having re-investigated the Carthaginian cavalry, attacked Hannibal's lines, thereby having learned the result of the battle.

With a small number of people in tow, Hannibal marched to Carthage. There were 20 thousand dead Carthaginians on the battlefield, and no less than 15 thousand were lost. The Romans lost nearly 1,500 people killed and perhaps another 4,000 wounded.

Battle of Zama 202 r. BC The remains of Biy Hannibal.

202 rub. SWIT.

Begging the world, the Carthaginian Senate would accept all the minds of Scipio. The agreement transferred to Rome the military fleet and war elephants; Carthage also accepted the obligation without sanction to Rome not to resume daily military operations and for the next 50 years to pay an indemnity of 10 thousand talents (about 300 million dollars); The Numidian throne from Sifax passing to Massinissa.

Thus ended the Other Punic War, which dealt a disastrous blow to the Carthaginian pandemonium on the Mediterranean Sea and left its military-political cause in ruins. For Rome, victory in the war left little great legacy. From the great Italian power, Rome is now being transformed into a powerful slave power, just as, after the fall of Carthage, it is becoming the insane hegemon of the entire Western Mediterranean.

Map of Another Punic War RUR 218-202 BC

202-183 rub. TRAGEDY OF HANIBALU

In the early years of the war, Hannibal achieved success in the revived region, which the Romans called upon him to prepare for the collapse of the peace treaty. Carthage was deprived of its indemnities, having arrived before Antiochus III, but soon after the disturbances reappeared, if Antiochus recognized the defeats of the Romans. Re-examined by the Romans, who ended their life with suicide in Bithynia (183 r.).

EVERY other commander never faced so many hardships, nor such a greedy numerical advantage on the enemy’s battles, like Hannibal. To instill a fighting spirit in his people, the thoroughness of his tactical and strategic mastery and his success in the war against the most dynamic and military nation in the world prompted many historians and Western theorists to regard this Carthaginian commander as the greatest military leader in history. However, objectivity does not allow one to put his title behind Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan or Napoleon; and it is impossible to respect any of them more than Hannibal (comm. author).

†,
Hasdrubal Gisgon†,
Magarbal †,
Sifax (end of the war),
Hanno the Elder†,
Masinissa,
Hasdrubal, son of Bomilcar,
Philip V of Macedon,
Philopoemen

Power of sides Type 60,000 to 230,000 individuals

Another Punic War p Saguntum - Lilybei - Rhone - Titsin - Trebbia - Cissis - Lake Trasimene - Ebro - Ager Falerno - Geronium - Kanni - Nola (1) - Balkans - Dertosa - Nola (2) - Cornus - Nola (3) - Beneventum (1) ) - Syracuse - Tarentum (1) - Capua (1) - Beneventum (2) - Silar - Gerdonia (1) - Upper Betis - Capua (2) - Gerdonia (2) - Numistron - Canusium - Tarentum (2) - New Carthage - Becula - Grument - Metaurus - Ilipa - Crotona - Utica - Bagradas - Cirta - Po Valley - Zama

Another Punic War(also called by the Romans " war against Hannibal» і Hannibal's War, -201 to star. e.) - a military conflict between two coalitions, on which Rome and Carthage stood, for hegemony in the Mediterranean. At the same time, Syracuse, Numidia, the Aetolian League and Pergamum fought on the battles of Rome, and on the battles of Carthage-Macedonia, Numidia, Syracuse and the Achaean League.

The official reason for the war was the capture of the Spanish city of Saguntum (an ally of Rome) by the Carthaginian commander Hannibal. After this, the Romans announced the Carthaginian War. From the very beginning, the Carthaginian army, under Hannibal's wire, took the mountain above the Roman troops. The most significant victory of the Carthaginians was the Battle of Cannae, after Macedonia entered the war for Carthage. The Romans were unable to overcome the initiative and went on the offensive. The remaining battle of the war was the Battle of Zama, after which Carthage asked for peace. As a result of the war, Carthage, having spent all its wealth beyond the borders of Africa, Rome became a strong power in the western Mediterranean.

Dzherela

The main story about the other Punic War is the work of the Roman Titus Livius, “History of the Sleeping Place,” books 21-30.

Walnut dzherela are also important for us. Polybiy at II Art. to sound e. by writing a historical book under the title “The Secret History”, which includes the period -146 BC. e. Plutarch on the cob II. having written the section “Portal Lives”, which reveals the biographies of famous Greeks and Romans. The other Punic War is discussed in the biographies of Fabius Maximus and Marcellus, Roman commanders during this war. Alexandrian Appian wrote in the 160th century. a book called “Roman History”, which describes the history of Rome from its fall (753 BC) to the reign of Trajan (-). Another Punic War is described in the VII book of his work, which is called “Hannibal’s”. Also, perhaps, Diodorus Siculus described this war in his “Historical Library”, but, unfortunately, these books were not preserved.

Prehistory

The beginning of the war was favorable for the Punics, and their commander decided to send most of his army and elephants to winter at the main base of the Punics - Acre Levtsi. At this moment, the leader of the Oris tribe, who seemed to be on friendly terms with Hamilcar, reluctantly came to the aid of Helitsa, and the Punes, who did not withstand his blow, began to roll away. Vinykla is very dangerous for Hamilcar’s sons, who were in battle formations, and, to be liquidated, Hamilcar took the main blow on himself - being re-traced by his opponents, drowning at the river, and the children were then taken to Acre Levtsi .

Hamilcar's policy was continued by his son-in-law Hasdrubal, who became the new commander-in-chief of the army. The most important political act of Hasdrubal, which, even more so than his other actions, continued the beginnings of Hamilcar, was the foundation of New Carthage on the Pyrenean birch of the Mediterranean Sea. Whose place, grown on the birch of a tame creek and sharpened by a lance of inaccessible hillocks, was spared more, the lower Acre Levke: as far as the rest can be judged, having once again lost a place in Hades to get better without being at the god’s side, then New Carthage immediately turned into an administrative one the center of the Punic region in Spain and one of the most important trading centers in the Western Mediterranean. With the shares of these people, Carthage was not only fully compensating for the expenses during the First Punic War, but by adding new markets, the diggings brought in such income that the political opponents of Hamilkar and Hasdrubal It is completely possible to avoid them. The actions of Barki called out the natural restlessness of the Greek colonies on the Perenean Peninsula. They sensed a threat to their independence and fled to Rome, abandoning the desire to interfere with the Spanish affairs. Already during the life of Hamilcar, negotiations took place between Rome and Carthage, and between them there were divisions of the sphere in flux (Pivdennaya - Punic, Pivnichna - Roman), and their cordon was the Iber River.

When Hannibal came to power, he would have been 25 years old. The invasion of the Carthaginians in Spain was well established and the damaged part of the Pyrenean Peninsula became a reliable springboard for an attack on Rome. Hannibal himself acquired the already traditional for the Barkids cultural ties with the Iberian world: he formed friendships with Iberia from the town of Castulon, allied with Carthage. As a result, the war with Rome was already over and entrusted to him, and Italy was assigned as his sphere of activity. Hannibal, perhaps, did not intend to attack the allied Romans Saguntum and thus bring Rome to a direct conflict, refusing to give in, otherwise the attack on Saguntum would happen by itself, as a result of the natural development of the situation. With this method, he gained a low victory over the Spanish tribes that lived on the cordon of the ancient lands of Carthage and the Viysh between the borders of Saguntum. Undeterred by the fact that Saguntum was a Roman ally, Hannibal was able to rejoice at the failure of Rome, which was busy fighting the Gauls and Illyrian pirates. Having provoked conflicts between Saguntum and the Iberian tribes, which were under Punic rule, they got involved in the conflict and, with an insignificant drive, declared war. After completing the important 7-month siege, the place was taken, and Rome still did not dare to give Saguntum military assistance, except for the embassy sent to Carthage, even after the capture of the place, the beginnings of war were directly announced. Before marching to Italy, Hannibal gave the army reserves for the whole winter. Serious respect is given to the defense of Africa and Spain. In Africa, Hannibal deprived 13,750 infantry and 1,200 leaders recruited in Spain, and 870 Balearic slingers were sent there. Carthage itself was reinforced with a garrison of 4,000. Hannibal took command of the Punic troops in Spain, recognizing his brother Hasdrubal and transferring significant military forces to his command: infantry - 11,850 Libyans, 300 Ligurians, 500 Balearics iv, and leaders - 450 leftist officers and levs. In addition, Hasdrubal had 21 elephants and a fleet of 50 penteras, 2 tetrares and 5 triers for the defense against Roman invasion from the sea.

The invading army consisted of approximately 50,000 infantry, 9,000 horsemen and 37 elephants. At the same time, the Romans also prepared before the war, Consul Tiberius Sempronius Long May 24,000 infantry, 2400 leaders and 160 ships, Another consul - Publius Cornelius Scipio I May 22,000 infantry and 2200 Vershnikov. The army of Rome in Gaul, under the command of the praetor Lucius Manlius, had 18,000 infantry and 1,600 leaders. At the end of the day, the Roman army had 64,000 infantry and 6,200 cavalry - a little more than Hannibal had. The Perevo Romlyan Paul Paul in the one, to come in to the Vojuvati on the Batkivshchini I for them mobilіzetsіya dodatkovikh, the contingent Bula bilsh, the Nizh for the Puniyki Commander Pirimanni Piribren. It is impossible, however, not to mention the dissection of the Roman army, and the existence of a single command, which, obviously, made it difficult for the Romans to conduct military operations. Fortunately for Carthage, Hannibal was the genius of military affairs.

The first period of war (218-213 BC..)

In the spring of 218 rock to star. e. Hannibal set out on the campaign. Negotiations, which were carried out with the Gauls, ensured the possibility of an uninterrupted passage through their lands. Just before crossing the Rodan, you had a chance to lose power. And the Roman army of Publius Cornelius Scipio was not able to cross his roc through the obstacles on both sides.

Hannibal's crossing of the Alps

J. M. St Turner. “Snow storm. Hannibal and his army cross the Alps"

However, when crossing the Alps, he recognized even important expenses (about half of all the people) - through the savory of the minds of the transition and through the Gallic tribe of Allobroges, who steadily ruled over the road. The descent from the pass would be more important for the army to follow. Hannibal arrived in Italy with approximately 12,000 Libyan and 8,000 Iberian infantry and approximately 6,000 warriors and 15 elephants. Soon after, the Gallic tribes tried to seize their power. At this time, Publius Scipio decided to bring a significant army to Pivnichnaya Italy and Hannibal began the offensive. However, Hannibal's army had an hour to recover before their first battle in Italy.

Hannibal's first victories

Fights of Another Punic War

The battle took place along the Ticin River. The opponents dispersed their armies in the following way: Scipio placed ahead of the soldiers and Gallic leaders, and the Romans and the additional forces of the allies, keeping them at the line. Hannibal placed important cavalry against the front of the Romans, and in the flanks - the Numidian leaders, who began to defend the enemy. The enemies began to quickly approach. The Roman spear-throwers, vigorously throwing one dart at a time, ran between the corrals of the leaders who stood behind them. The battle has begun; Many top leaders were thrown off their horses, while others hurried on their own. The battle gradually transformed into the battle of the infantry. Now the Numidian leaders of Hannibal, having fought on the flanks, appeared in the rear of the Roman army; the lists were trampled by their horses; Panic began at the Roman lava. Scipio himself did not die much.

The remainder of the Roman army reached the humpbacked area of ​​the Trebbia River. Before them, the army of another consul, Tiberius Sempronius Longus, soon arrived, replacing the wounded Scipio. Having allowed him to overcome an unimportant fact, Hannibal instilled in the new Roman commander the power of victory. And Long was even more ambitious (which Hannibal was aware of) and after an easy victory the mountains defeated Hannibal’s army. And suddenly, completely unexpectedly for the Romans, the small matter turned into a general battle.

Hannibal entrusted his brother Mago, who had already defeated the Numidian cavalry after the Battle of Ticinus, to select 100 infantry and 100 leaders for the ambushing. When Mago and his chosen warriors came to Hannibal, he ordered them, in his own way, to select 9 more individuals from their brethren. Having thus recruited 1000 infantry and a hundred leaders, he dispersed them overnight in the place he had previously chosen. It was the day of winter's end. There was snow, then there was snow. Hannibal ordered his Numidian kinnots to cross the Trebbia and, having galloped up to the gate of the warden’s camp, throw darts at the war, call the Romans to fight, and if the battle starts, go all the way to the river and mud From the enemy's side, go to the other side. . All others were punished to seize, prepare to seize their horses, and watch for the signal.

The Numidians quickly vanished into obscurity. If they were in control of the camps, there was noise and disorder (behind Polybius, but only their proximity was marked), Sempronia, who did not doubt his success, having written his note against them, and then other soldiers. However, it was too loud. His warriors entered the field hungry and cold and insufficiently warm, and their horses were not well-fed. As the Romans entered the mist of the river fog, following the Numidians as they left, they became more and more frozen. At the river, the cold water reached their chests, so if Sempronius’ soldiers reached the other bank, the stench could still be felt in their hands.

The Carthaginian warriors at that hour were boiling white, rubbing themselves with olive oil and eating them. Having rejected the signal that the Romans had crossed the river, Hannibal led his troops onto the field. In front of the Balearians, they placed light infantry (8,000 men), behind them – important armed infantry (Iberi, Galli and Libyans; 20,000 individuals), and on both flanks – 9,000 leaders and elephants. Sempronius, having realized that the leaders were superciliously rushing to re-investigate the Numidians, who were either attacking, then going over to the counterattack again, and are showing themselves to be incredibly insecure, ordering them to step up and get to the basics them strength. At the center of Sempronia there were 18,000 Romans; 20,000 allies are the quiet ones who have won the rights of the Latin community; At the end of the war, there were warriors from the Gallic tribe of the Cenomanians, and on the flanks there was cavalry (about 4,000 warriors).

The Balearians began to fight, irritating the Roman soldiers to advance, and then they approached the leaders of the Carthaginians, who launched a flank attack. The Roman army was in winter, depending on the number of enemy cavalry, Balearics and elephants. The heavily trained hunters fought with great intensity and intensity, but without any result. The rapt for the Romans was then struck from the ambush of Mago and brought the rear rank of the Romans into the mix. Having fallen asleep, the Roman infantry courageously repaired its support, broke through the battle line of the Carthaginians and forced the elephants to turn back, so that the ice did not rush at the Punes themselves. Hannibal ordered to lead the elephants to the flanks and direct them against the Cenomanians, who turned into panic. At the end of the day, 10,000 Roman infantry fought their way through the Carthaginian ranks and escaped from prison; Before they could turn back to their camp, the stench reached Placentia. There, and to go to Cremona, they went under the command of Scipio and lost their lives near the camp.

The Carthaginians prevailed once again, but now they suffered significantly greater losses. A particularly severe devastation occurred on their lavas: people died, horses died, and perhaps all the elephants perished (everything was lost 7). Ale Galli delivered great reinforcements (up to 60,000) and Hannibal took up their organization.

Having immediately destroyed Etruria, the transition through the Apennines turned out to be incredibly important - the army was caught in a storm, many people and all the elephants (except one) perished. The impatience to transfer the war to Etruria can easily be explained by the military-political formation. Hannibal was, of course, well aware that the Romans were sending their garrisons to all points where they could attack - in Sicily, in Sardinia, in Tarentum, which they brought another 60 pentera, and the consuls (Servilius and Flame іній) to be carried out by yourself The Romans mobilized new contingents and organized allied militias, and from the sight of the Syracusan king Hieron they asked for help and sent them 500 Cretan archers and 1000 peltasts, who decided to stock up on food. The Romans lived in Arimina and Etruria.

217 BC That is, the new consuls were Gaius Flaminius and Gnaeus Serville Gemin. Guy Flaminius, what is the reach of the consulate in its fight against the aristocrats, demanding rapid success. It was easy for Hannibal to provoke a new battle. At the Battle of Lake Trasimene, the Roman army lost up to 30,000 infantry and 3,000 leaders in the ambush of the army. 15,000 were slaughtered, 6,000 were completely lost, the Carthaginians' spending amounted to more than 2,000 people. Over the course of several days, 4,000 messages were processed by Gniem Servilius.

Fabius' tactics

Rome appointed a dictator - the Roman aristocrat Quintus Fabius Maximus became him. Having realized that it was already difficult to resist Hannibal in the opening battle, they decided on a new tactic. The Roman army (replenished with two new legions) steadily controlled all the movements of the Punic army, rather than entering into battle, and Hannibal, understandably, could not conduct active operations, looming before him the undefeated Roman army. The head of the Fabian army - Mark Minucius - was not suitable for this tactic - even Italy became helpless before the destruction on the side of the Punics, but if they had lost command, they tried to enter the battle, then without recognizing the defeat or When Fabia appeared with another part of the army, she allowed a new defeat to take place . . Hannibal tried many times to provoke the Romans into battle, but was unsuccessful.

The beginning of combat actions in Spain

Tim an hour in Spain Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio - the brother of the consul of the minds gave the Punics a low defeat. Hasdrubal Barka did not think of giving him any antidote. In Spain, the lands developed in the vicinity of the Carthaginians. After their fleet was defeated, in land battles the losses amounted to 15,000 killed and 4,000 captured; before the Romans arrived, reinforcements amounted to 8,000 soldiers and 30 ships. The attempted landing in Africa ended soon after.

Battle of Cannes

Nastupnogo 216 rub. BC That is, Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Emilius Pavlo became consuls. Rome was preparing for decisive action - 8 legions were collected, against Hannibal, who had 50,000 soldiers, and an army of 90,000 men was sent. The battle took place near the place of Kanni. The consuls herded the entire Roman army into battle order: on the right flank, closest to the river, they moved out the leaders, on the left - the canton of the allies, and closer to the center - their infantry. In the center were the Roman legions, and in front of the formation were slingers and other lightly armed warriors. The command of the left flank was taken by Gaius Terentius Varro, the right flank was entrusted to Lucius Emilia Paulus and the center - to Gnaeus Servilius Geminus. The Romans invested their money in the Carthaginian army, and their most important desire was to protect Hannibal's infantry. The early French Hannibal transported Balearic units and other lightly armored units to the left bank of the Aufid, and after them other soldiers. On the left flank, closest to the river. having placed the Iberian and Gallic leaders, who acted against the Roman culture, in the center - the hunt (half - the important Lebanese, in the middle of this order - the Gauls and Iberians, and behind them - new Libyans) and on the right flank - Numidian leaders, who are small here fight with the Roman allies. The Libyans were armed with captured armor taken from the Romans. The size of the army became 40,000 infantry and 10,000 leaders.

The Carthaginians were scattered with blame by hand: they denounced themselves on their backs and with their backs to the wind, they blew and carried sand and drank in denunciation of the Romans; The sleepy exchanges did not anger the warriors. Upon arrival, Hannibal leaned forward with the Iberians and Gauls, who were the first to enter the battle, and the others were moved out so that it was the result of a majestic interchange curved at the side of the front, which seemed to have a thin edge and thinner. Hannibal entrusted the command of the left flank to Hasdrubal, the right flank to Maharbal, and at the same time took the center with his brother Mago. Fight, as before, the lightly armored soldiers tied up. Then the Gallic-Iberian army of Hannibal fell on the right Roman flank and immediately threw the Romans into the water, after which the left flank of the Romans was defeated. By this time, hunting began to set in, and the Iberian-Galish infantry of Hannibal, after the long-established support, began to fully emerge, clamoring for the Romans, who were penetrating ever deeper into the disarray of the Carthaginian armies. At this time, the Libyan infantry attacked the Romans from both flanks, and the Punic cavalry launched the attack in the back. The Roman infantry was caught up in the rings and the end of the battle was over. 48,000 fell on the battlefield, 4,500 were captured, Hannibal's losses amounted to 8,000 people - behind Levi "the best warriors."

The legacy of the battle was great. The anonymity of Italian places and smut - Capua - passed to the Punics. From Carthage it was decided to send Hannibal 40 elephants and 4,000 kin, and from Spain - 20,000 horses and 4,000 kin. Syracuse and Macedonia formed an alliance with Carthage.

Later in Spain, the Punics' defeat became increasingly worse - the victims of the new defeat were 25,000 killed and 10,000 captured soldiers. Reinforcements assigned to Hannibal were unsuccessfully attempted to bury Sardinia.

In Italy, the fighting moved to the present day and the Romans quickly recovered from a terrible defeat, their army was replaced by slaves.

Obloga Syracuse

In Sicily, after forming an alliance with Syracuse, the Carthaginians achieved great success. The fifteen-thousand-strong army of Syracuse at once from the Punic units strongly pressed the Roman troops, but Marcellus unexpectedly appeared with a strong army and destroyed Syracuse. The place was great and the Romans promised that they would be able to heavily gilt the walls, but they met with a very strong authority, the organizer of which was Archimedes. Marcellus buv zmusheny rospochat obloga. At that time, the Carthaginians sent an army of 25,000 infantry, 3,000 horsemen and 12 elephants to Sicily.

Alessandro I about the share of the mathematician Archimedes

At the hour of the Another Punic War, the Romans attacked the rich island of Sicily and besieged the place of Syracuse, in which the Greek teachings of Archimedes were in vain. The inhabitants of the place were kidnapped for a long time, and in this, Archimedes helped him: the wine machines that hooked the Roman ships with hooks for their stern, lifted into the wind and threw back from the heights to the sea, having seen the majesty mirror with polished honey, which collected sleepy hair in a bun . and the Roman ships were set on fire. The Syracusans also used catapults and ballisti (metal machines). After several months of raids, the place was taken and brutally plundered. Archimedes, by that time already an old man, was sitting in front of his booth and armchair, writing mathematical statements. Yogo killed a Roman soldier with a blow of his sword.

Macedonian attack on Illyria

The king of Macedonia, Philip V, resigned his allies by attacking the Romans in Illyria, but did not bring any support to Hannibal. 214 BC That is, in Spain, the Punics captured two battles of herds with up to 12,000 killed, 3,000 captives and 39 elephants. In this manner, after a whole series of defeats, the panova on the Pyrenean Peninsula began to move to Rome.

The transition of Sifax to the Romans

213 BC e. one thing became briefly, Yaka I in the Carthage, I could not help but if you could not like the yak Seryozha Zavroz: Brother Scypіni, Yaki, they used to ate Pyreysky Pvostrovi, huddled in Pivniy Africa. Another attempt was made by the Roman command to transfer the war directly to the territory of the Carthaginian state. This time the African expedition led to great diplomatic success for the Romans. They were able to quickly discover that the Carthaginians had gotten into trouble with one of the Numidian kings - the leader of the Masaysilian tribe - Map of Pivdennoy Italy and Sicily in the hour of war

212 BC That is, on the side of Hannibal, Tarentum passes and, behind it, there are many more places in Greater Greece. The Romans suffered yet another defeat (they counted 16,000 killed), but they managed to besiege Capua, and the firebrand - Syracuse was taken. After their great successes, the Carthaginians were deprived of Sicily. About an hour in Spain, the Scipioni brothers suffered severe defeats and died in battle, but one of the officers, Lucius Marcius, whom the soldiers elected as commanders, decided to organize surplus armies and still lost the strength for support.

As fate would have it, Hannibal tried to unblock Kapuya, and with this method he began a march to Rome. Hannibal is thief! It seemed that all of Italy, having covered them in darkness, froze in a daze. In Rome itself, here and there, anxiety arose, panic began, people feared that they were afraid that everything would get tied up on the streets of the city. There are quite a lot of useful inheritances, but Kapuya was a great success. The Romans exerted all their might. Under the ensign, a significant part of the adult population from 17 to 47 years was killed, 230,000 people fought in the armies.

Fracture

209 BC e. Cornelius Scipio's son, Publius Cornelius Scipio, took command in Spain and completely unconvincedly conquered New Carthage, and in Italy Tarentum was taken by the Romans. Now Hannibal tied all his hopes to his brother Hasdrubal, who, having thrown Scipio away, brought great reinforcements from Spain. Crossing the Alps is very easy and easy, RUR 208. to sound that is, having entered Italy. However, the consul Nero broke up the river Metaurus, and Hasdrubal himself fell in battle. After Hannibal's forces were no longer available to conduct active military operations, minor successes could no longer determine the outcome of the war.

Cause of the Battle of Zami

After Hannibal achieved victory at Cannae, the Romans gathered together. The stench blocked the roads through Spain, and Hannibal’s camp was destroyed. The talented commander Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, who stood on the side of the Roman army, faced the greatest blow. He crossed the sea on the shore of Africa to bury Carthage. That Hannibal happened to rush to another place to help.

Third period of war (206-202 BC..)

In Spain, Mago, having recognized the defeats and subsequent disturbances, deprived the entire Pyrenean region from the rule of Rome. His landing at Genoa with 12,000 infantry and 2,000 commanders did not achieve anything, and almost no one was wounded or killed. Hannibal did not hesitate to take active action, it seemed that he had lost all hope.

Philip V, after fruitless military actions, began to bring turmoil to the world.

War in Africa

Sustrich of Scipio and Hannibal before the Battle of Zama

204 BC e. Scipio landed with an army of thirty thousand in Africa. Having formed an alliance with the leader of one of the Numidian tribes, Massinisa, he delivered several defeats to the Carthaginians. Hannibal was called to Fatherlandism. He turned back after 16 years of fighting in Italy. Hannibal tried this approach during peace negotiations in particular with Scipio, but was unsuccessful.

202 BC That is, Zami fought a general battle, Scipio formed his army not in a strong front, but in corrals, between which there were no passages that war elephants could walk at times of need. On the left flank, under the command of Lelia Vin, placed the Italian leaders, on the right - the Numidian cinematographer Massinissi. Walk between the corrals of highly armed hunters, filling them with lightly armed soldiers, who are unlikely to flow into the area when elephants appear or to approach the nearest corrals. The creatures, collapsing through these living corridors, would have been crushed by the crossfire of darts. Hannibal placed 80 elephants in front of his troops, followed by additional corrals of the Ligurians, Galivians, Balearians and Moors, and in another row - the Carthaginians, Libyans and a small group of Macedonians, whom Phil called for help and behind them are the corrals of the Italians, most of whom will be persecuted in the future deprive the native land and find, on the right flank, the Carthaginian one, and on the left - the Numidian one.

The battle began when the Romans, with their shouts, trumpets and horns, screamed at the elephants, and they immediately turned against their own, leading the way against the Moors and Numidians who stood on the left flank. There, Massinissa straightened his blow. Those innumerable creatures that headed straight for the gates were crushed by the blows of the Roman javelins and turned right-handed against the Carthaginian leaders, where they destroyed their cannot and Lellius. Since the Numidians were now fighting on the battlefields of the Romans, Magarbal, the commander of the Carthaginian army, decided to enter and lure the warlords and set out for the battlefield, vying the forces of the sides. Another row of Carthaginians tried to outflank the Romans. After this, the Roman grip on the little ones weakened, and then Scipio, having collected the wounded, placed the triarii on the right as the main reserves. The battle was restored, and at that hour Lellius and Massinis, who had defeated the Punic cavalry, began to gather and attacked the Carthaginian hunt from behind - the Carthaginians fled. In this battle, more than 20,000 Carthaginians and their allies perished, and so many were completely wasted. The Romans spent nearly 1,500 people. Hannibal himself with a small pen of ducks near Hadrumet. This is how the war ended.

Another Punic War on Wikimedia Commons

• Roman Glory. Archived Antichna Viyskova on the right
• Another Punic War on the “Battle” website. Archived from Pershojerela November 28, 2012.

Against Carthage, the history of the Ancient World is important. The stench penetrated the further reaches of the Mediterranean and all of Europe. Friend 218-201 rub. to sound e. - nayaskravіsha from the three that we had. It is also called the Hannibal War, or the war against Hannibal. Crimea to Rome and Carthage, from which Numidia, Pergamum, the Aetolian League, Syracuse, the Achaean League and Macedonia took their share.

Prehistory

242 BC That is, a peace treaty was signed, ending the Persian Punic War. As a result of this, Carthage lost control over revenues from Volodynia to Sicily, and the monopoly trade of the Carthaginians in the Western Mediterranean was greatly undermined by Rome. At the same time, Carthage was facing a difficult economic situation, and its ruler, the Barkid dynasty, was in an unlikely situation on the political side - the opposition was becoming more active. It was already clear that another Punic war might soon break out between Rome and Carthage due to the reduction of one of them, since there was no place for the two great powers in the Mediterranean.

Super honor for Spain

Hamilcar, commander-in-chief of the Carthaginian army, having launched campaigns from the conquest of the territory of Spain. First of all, it was rich in natural resources, but otherwise, from Spain it was possible to get to Italy quickly. Hamilcar, together with his son-in-law Hasdrubal, was active in expanding the cordons of Carthage, stretching for at least 10 rocks, until the siege of Helika was driven in. His comrade-in-arms Hasdrubal became a victim of the Iberian barbarian in New Carthage, founded by him.

New Carthage soon turned into the center of all incoming Mediterranean trade, as well as the administrative center of the Punic Volodynia. In this way, Carthage not only compensated for its expenses from the First War with Rome, but also new markets appeared, and the ancient diggings of Spain enriched the Barcids and relieved their political opponents with any support. Another Punic War 218-201. to sound That is, I was on the right for more than an hour.

Death to Rome

Roman politicians and military leaders were strongly influenced by Carthage and were gaining strength. Rome understands that it’s not yet too late to start tuning punivs, but in some time it will be no longer important. Therefore, the Romans began to joke about the outbreak of war. Even during the life of Hannibal’s father, Hamilcar, a cordon was established along the Iber River between Carthage and Rome in Spain.

Rome forms an alliance with the Sogunt. He was clearly against Carthage, and his actions were ignored. The beginning of Another Punic War was approaching, Rome would not need such a strong suppression, otherwise it could not openly act as a particular aggressor, so an alliance with the Sogunt was formed. It became clear that Rome had no intention of kidnapping its ally, lest an attack on New Carthage would give rise to a war.

Hannibal from the Barkid dynasty

Hannibal was destined to become a symbol of the fight against the Roman insurgency in the Mediterranean Sea basin, which was given to those who had never dared to fight before. Having been a talented commander and military leader, his soldiers respected him not for his superior performance, but for his special merits and leadership qualities.

Father Hamilkar took his son on a hike. All my knowledge of life was in military camps, from childhood I marveled at death in disguise. Dozens, hundreds, and even thousands of people were killed before his eyes. That's how long the sound has already started. Constant training transformed Hannibal into a brave fighter, and military training turned him into a brilliant commander. Over time, Hamilcar worked hard to get closer to the world of Hellenism, teaching his son the Greek alphabet and introducing him to the culture of the Greeks. Father understood that without allies there would be no way to break with Rome, and he brought his blues to their own culture, and also prepared for an alliance. The role of Hannibal in this process is important. The other Punic War was thought through in many ways. And after his death, Father Vin swore an oath to conquer Rome.

Causes of the war

There are three main reasons that led to the outbreak of another war between Rome and Carthage:

1. Carthage inherited a peace treaty that ended the Persian Punic War.

2. The rapid growth of the territories of Carthage, and the development of its wealth with the help of the richest volods of Spain, resulted in the strengthening of its military power.

3. The burying of Sogunt, allied with Rome, by Carthage, which became the official reason why the Other Punic War was unleashed. The reasons were more formal than real, and the protests led to one of the greatest struggles in the entire history of the Ancient World.

Ear of war

After the death of Hamilcar and the defeat of Hasdrubal, the commander-in-chief of the battle of Hannibal. Then I just received 25 fates, due to the renewal of strength and the determination to save Rome. In addition, you can get a great set of knowledge from the military service and, especially, the leadership’s bones.

Hannibal did not invite anyone, but wanted to attack Sogunt, an ally of which was Rome, and thereby gain the rest before the war. However, Hannibal did not attack first. In such a way that the Sogunt attacked the Iberian tribes that were under the rule of Carthage, and only after that invested their forces on the “aggressor”. Hannibal rightly rejoiced at the fact that Rome would not bring military assistance to the Sogunt, since he himself was in battle against the Gauls and Illyrian pirates. The obloga of Sogunt lasted for 7 months, after which the fortress was taken. Rome never gave military assistance to its ally. Even after the capture of Sogunt, Rome sent an embassy to Carthage and announced war. Another Punic war has begun!

Military affairs

The war lasted for over 15 years. During this hour, there were no military conflicts between Rome and Carthage, or between their allies. Tens of thousands of people died. Over time, the battle passed from hand to hand: if in the early period of the war they had success on the battles of Hannibal, then within an hour the Romans became more active, inflicting a number of great defeats on the Poons in Iberia and Southern Africa. Hannibal, having lost his position in Italy, Hannibal himself achieved great results, disturbing the entire local population in front of him.

Another Punic War showed that at the end of the battle Hannibal had no equal. About this, the battles along the Ticinus and Trebbia rivers, along Lake Trasimene and, of course, are legendary and sewn into the history of the world like a red thread.

The battles took place on many fronts: in Italy, Spain, Sicily, Eastern Africa and Macedonia, and the “driver” of Carthage and its allies was the army of Hannibal and himself. Therefore, Rome set itself the goal of “blooding” him, blocking the supply routes, and gathering reinforcements for waging war in Italy. Rome realized that Hannibal needed to be defeated without general battles, and then finished off. This plan was aborted, but before him Rome recognized one defeat after another, especially requiring the Battle of Cannae. This battle of Carthage had 50,000 warriors, Rome - 90,000. The advantage was perhaps twice as large, but for such a numerical advantage, Rome was not able to achieve victory. During the battle, 70,000 Roman soldiers were killed, 16,000 were completely lost, while Hannibal lost more than 6,000 people.

You can see a whole range of reasons that led to Rome’s victory. First of all, this is the fact that the army of Carthage was formed mainly from the Naimants, for whom it was absolutely not important who they fought for - they took it for a price. The Naimanians did not have the same patriotic feelings as they took over from the Romans, who were stealing their fatherland.

Otherwise, the Carthaginians themselves, who were in Africa, often did not understand that they really needed this war. In the country, the Barkids once again formed a serious opposition to the war with Rome. Finally, after the Battle of Cannae, the oligarchs of Carthage without enthusiasm sent small reinforcements to Hannibal, although this assistance could have been much more significant, and thus the result of the war would have been completely different. All on the right is that they were afraid of the decline of Hannibal’s rule and the establishment of a dictatorship, which would lead to the impoverishment of the oligarchy as a social class.

Thirdly, stab and zradi, which was spoken on the skin of Carthage, and the presence of real help from an ally - Macedonia.

Fourthly, this is, of course, the genius of the Roman military school, which during the war brought forth a wealth of evidence. At the same time, for Rome, this war became an important trial, which put it on the line. The reasons for the defeat of Carthage in another Punic war can be overreacted, but all the stench will be absorbed from these 4 main ones that led to the defeat of one They are from the strongest armies of the Old World.

Violence of Another Type of the First Punic War

The two wars were completely different, although they may be similar in name. The first one was burning on both sides, it flared up as a result of the rivalry between Rome and Carthage for the rich island of Sicily. The friend was buried at the side of Carthage, and died freely.

Podsumok both in the First and in the Other wars - victory to Rome, a great indemnity imposed on Carthage, the establishment of cordons. After the end of the Second Punic War, the reasons, the historical significance of which is difficult to overestimate, Carthage immediately blocked its mother fleet. Having spent all the overseas volition, he was surrounded by an exorbitant tax of 50 rubles. Moreover, he could not unleash a war against Rome without a year.

Another Punic War could have changed the course of history, as the commander-in-chief of the Carthaginian army Hannibal brought great support in the middle of the country. You could have built a mountain above Rome. Moreover, everything came to this point, as a result of the Battle of Cannae, Rome was unable to obtain a great army capable of resisting Carthage, and Hannibal, with all his strength, was unable to secure the fortifications of Rome. Having heard the advances from Africa, the revolt of the Italian places against Rome, neither the first nor the other, never came to fruition.

Plan
Enter
1 Dzherela
2 Prehistory
3 First period of war (218-213 BC..)
3.1 Hannibal's crossing of the Alps
3.2 Hannibal's first victories
3.3 Fabius' tactics
3.4 The beginning of military operations in Spain
3.5 Battle of Cannes
3.6 Obloga Syracuse
3.7 Macedonian attack on Illyria
3.8 Syphax's transition to the Romans

4 Another period of war (212-207 BC..)
4.1 Military affairs of Italy at 212-209 to sound. e.
4.2 Fracture

5 Third period of war (206-202 BC..)
5.1 War in Africa

6 Pouches
7 Place of registration of legions
List of references
Another Punic War

Enter

Another Punic War (also called by the Romans the “War against Hannibal” and the Hannibal War, 218-202 BC) - a military conflict between two coalitions, on which stood Rome and Carthage, the hegemon and near the Mediterranean Sea. At the same time, Syracuse, Numidia, the Aetolian League and Pergamum fought on the battles of Rome, Macedonia, Numidia, Syracuse and the Achaean League fought on the battles of Carthage.

The official reason for the war was the capture of the Spanish city of Saguntum (an ally of Rome) by the Carthaginian commander Hannibal. After this, the Romans announced the Carthaginian War. From the very beginning, the Carthaginian army, under Hannibal's wire, took the mountain above the Roman troops. The most significant victory of the Carthaginians was the Battle of Cannae, after Macedonia entered the war for Carthage. The Romans were unable to overcome the initiative and went on the offensive. The remaining battle of the war was the Battle of Zama, after which Carthage asked for peace. As a result of the war, Carthage spent all of its war beyond the borders of Africa.

1. Dzherela

The main story about the other Punic War is the work of the Roman Titus Livius, “History of the Sleeping Place,” books 21-30.

Walnut dzherela are also important for us. Polybiy at II Art. to sound That is, by writing a historical book under the title “The Secret History”, which includes the periods 264-146 BC. e. Plutarch on the cob II. having written the article “Portal Lives”, which reveals the biographies of famous Greeks and Romans. The other Punic War is discussed in the biographies of Fabius Maximus and Marcellus, Roman commanders during this war. Alexandrian Appian wrote in the 160th century. a book called “Roman History”, which describes the history of Rome from its fall (753 BC) to the reign of Trajan (98-117). Another Punic War is described in the VII book of his work, which is called “Hannibal’s”. Also, perhaps, Diodorus Siculus described this war in his “Historical Library”, but, unfortunately, these books were not preserved.

2. Prehistory

World 242 BC e. purchases at a high price. All the income that the Carthaginians had seized from Sicily went to the Romans, and Carthage’s monopoly on trade in the countries was significantly weakened. The behavior of Rome at the time of the Naiman uprising clearly showed the witchcraft of his position - they realized that peace was absolutely impossible.

Having recovered again after the suppression of the rebellion, the commander-in-chief Hamilcar Barca began the war in Spain. Even in the past, as far back as the second millennium, this region was the subject of intense colonialism and trade activity of the Phoenicians. For example, at the beginning of the first millennium, a whole series of great places fell asleep in the early days of the islands, and among them were such great trade and craft centers as Hades, Malaka, Sexi and others. Having become united under the hour of the bitter struggle against Tartessus and the Greek colonization of the Pyrenees, they soon became aware of the supremacy of Carthage. It is clear that with such connections that have been going on for a long time, Spain itself was the most convenient springboard for organizing a campaign in Italy. Hamilcar and his son-in-law Hasdrubal expanded the war of Carthage over a period of 9 rocks, the first docks not perishing in the battle under the hour of the city of Helica, and the other having been driven into New Carthage by the Iber-Barbarian.

The beginning of the war was favorable for the Punics, and their commander decided to send most of his army and elephants to winter at the main base of the Punics - Acre Levtsi. At this moment, the leader of the Oris tribe, who seemed to be on friendly terms with Hamilcar, reluctantly came to the aid of Helitsa, and the Punes, who did not withstand his blow, began to roll away. Vinykla is very dangerous for Hamilcar’s sons, who were in battle formations, and, to be liquidated, Hamilcar took the main blow on himself - being re-traced by his opponents, drowning at the river, and the children were then taken to Acre Levtsi . His policy was continued by his son-in-law Hasdrubal, who became the new military commander. The most important political act of Hasdrubal, which was even more important than his other actions, continuing Hamilcar's policy, was the establishment of New Carthage on the Pyrenean coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Whose place, grown on the birch of a tame creek and sharpened by a lance of inaccessible hillocks, was spared more, the lower Acre Levke: as far as the rest can be judged, having once again lost a place in Hades to get better without being at the god’s side, then New Carthage immediately turned into an administrative one the center of the Punic region in Spain and one of the most important trading centers in the Western Mediterranean. With the shares of these people, Carthage not only fully compensated for the expenses of the First Punic War, but by adding new markets, the diggings brought in such income that the political opponents of Hamilcar and Hasdrubal It is completely possible to avoid them. The actions of Barki called out the natural restlessness of the Greek colonies on the Perenean Peninsula. They sensed a threat to their independence and fled to Rome, abandoning the desire to interfere with the Spanish affairs. Already during the life of Hamilcar, negotiations took place between Rome and Carthage, and between them there were divisions of the sphere in flux (Pivdennaya - Punic, Pivnichna - Roman), and their cordon was the Iber River.

At the time of Father’s death, Hannibal had suffered seventeen deaths. Judged from distant lands, the brothers Mago and Hasdrubal lost Spain and turned to Carthage. The situation in the military camp during the campaigns, the concern for the diplomatic activity of the father and son-in-law, undoubtedly, gave the greatest influx from his formation as a commander and a sovereign figure.

Father’s Hannibal himself had to do with his own non-intersecting illumination, including the knowledge of Greek language and literature, the need to write in Greek language. How important we are to Hamilcar Barca's practice (the transfer of children to the Hellenic culture), it is evident from the fact that he has broken down the old law, which has suppressed the Greek language. Stepping over the long-standing establishment, as it was not enough to protect the Punics from the quiet enemy - Syracuse, and in fact isolated them from the world, Hamilcar, having abandoned the preparation of his children, passed on Hannibal, to active political activity in the future. We want to voice our desire to introduce Carthage into the Hellenistic world - and not as an alien phenomenon, but as an organic part - and to ensure its support and the response of the Greeks to the upcoming struggle Roman "barbarians". At this time, Rome begins to turn to the right at the entry of the Mediterranean basin and forms an alliance with Saguntum, straightening out against Carthage and may be on the way to putting the rest on the ground.

And Hannibal turned to Spain, where, due to his peculiar viciousness, he became even more popular in the army - after the death of Hasdrubal, the soldiers elected him as their commander-in-chief.

When Hannibal came to power, he would have been 25 years old. The invasion of the Carthaginians in Spain was well established and the damaged part of the Pyrenean Peninsula became a reliable springboard for an attack on Rome. Hannibal himself acquired the already traditional for the Barkids cultural ties with the Iberian world: he formed friendships with Iberia from the town of Castulon, allied with Carthage. As a result, the war with Rome was already over and entrusted to him, and Italy was assigned as his sphere of activity. Hannibal, perhaps, did not intend to attack the allied Romans Saguntum and thus bring Rome to a direct conflict, refusing to give in, otherwise the attack on Saguntum would happen by itself, as a result of the natural development of the situation. With this method, he gained a low victory over the Spanish tribes that lived on the cordon of the ancient lands of Carthage and the Viysh between the borders of Saguntum. Undeterred by the fact that Saguntum was a Roman ally, Hannibal was able to rejoice at the failure of Rome, which was busy fighting the Gauls and Illyrian pirates. Having provoked conflicts between Saguntum and the Iberian tribes, which were under Punic rule, they got involved in the conflict and, with an insignificant drive, declared war. After completing the important 7-month siege, the place was taken, and Rome still did not dare to give Saguntum military assistance, except for the embassy sent to Carthage, even after the capture of the place, the beginnings of war were directly announced. Before marching to Italy, Hannibal gave the army reserves for the whole winter. Serious respect is given to the defense of Africa and Spain. In Africa, Hannibal deprived 13,750 infantry and 1,200 leaders recruited in Spain, and 870 Balearic slingers were sent there. Carthage itself was reinforced with a garrison of 4,000. Hannibal took command of the Punic troops in Spain, recognizing his brother Hasdrubal and transferring significant military forces to his command: infantry - 11,850 Libyans, 300 Ligurians, 500 Balearics iv, and leaders - 450 leftist officers and levs. In addition, Hasdrubal had 21 elephants and a fleet of 50 penteras, 2 tetrares and 5 triers for the defense against Roman invasion from the sea.